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Home My WebLink About20250909 Eco-NOI Crocker Marstons Mills Bogs_2 Project Narrative and Appendices Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 1 of 28 Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Project Narrative Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Cell Descriptions .................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Cells A, B, C, and D ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Cell 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.3 Reservoirs 1 and 2 ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.1.4 Cell 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.5 Cell 4 ........................................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.6 Cell 6 ........................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Sand and Peat Characterization ........................................................................................................ 11 2.3 Water Quality .................................................................................................................................... 11 3.Project Site Monitoring and Modeling ................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Surface Water Monitoring Stations and Groundwater Monitoring Wells ........................................ 11 3.2 USGS Stream Gauge .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 SMAST Stream Flow Assessment ...................................................................................................... 17 3.4 Flood Flow Estimates ........................................................................................................................ 17 3.5 Surface Water Hydraulic Model ........................................................................................................ 17 3.6 Groundwater Model ......................................................................................................................... 20 4.Project Design ..................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1 Cells A, B, C, and D ............................................................................................................................ 23 4.2 Cell 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 23 4.2.1 Cell 1B ........................................................................................................................................ 24 4.2.2 Cell 1C......................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.3 Reservoirs 1 and 2 ...................................................................................................................... 24 4.3 Cell 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 24 4.4 Cell 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 24 4.5 Cell 6 .................................................................................................................................................. 24 Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 2 of 28 5. Additional Project Permitting ............................................................................................................. 25 5.1 Interests Under the Clean Water Act ................................................................................................ 25 5.2 Interests Under the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and Barnstable Wetlands Protection Regulations ............................................................................................................................................. 26 5.3 Ecological Restoration Order of Conditions Eligibility ...................................................................... 27 6. Alternatives Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 27 6.1 Dispersed Flow With No Sand Removal Alternative ......................................................................... 27 6.2 Small Sinuous Channel Alternative ................................................................................................... 28 6.3 Combined Dispersed Flow and Small Sinuous Channel Alternative ................................................. 28 6.4 Do-Nothing Alternative ..................................................................................................................... 28 6.5 Dispersed Flow With Sand Removal Alternative (Preferred Alternative) ......................................... 28 List of Figures Figure 1 United States Geological Survey Maps from 1893 (left) and 1938 (right) ...................................... 4 Figure 2 1938 Aerial Photograph of the Project Site (Courtesy of Cape Cod Commission’s Cape Cod Chronology Viewer). Project boundary outlined in red and headwater cells later abandoned circled in white. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 3 1968 Aerial Photograph of the Project Site (Courtesy of Cape Cod Commission’s Cape Cod Chronology Viewer). Project boundary outlined in red and headwater cells abandoned circled in white. 6 Figure 4 1991 Aerial Photograph of the Project Site (Courtesy of Cape Cod Commission’s Cape Cod Chronology Viewer). Project boundary outlined in red and the first visible reservoir cell circled in yellow. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 5 Marstons Mills River Restoration Site Map. All Cells outlined in red are part of the proposed Project. .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 6 1951 Aerial Image of Cell 4 (Courtesy of Cape Cod Commission’s Cape Cod Chronology Viewer). .................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 7 Monitoring Wells and Staff Gauges Site Map ............................................................................... 12 Figure 8 Water Elevations December 2022 - March 2023 .......................................................................... 13 Figure 9 Water Table Map .......................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 10 Discharge measurements of the Marstons Mills River gauge (0110588332) at the downstream outlet of the Marstons Mills Bogs ............................................................................................................... 16 Figure 11 Water surface elevations during low flow (2 cfs). Existing water surface is pink. Proposed water surface is blue. ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 12 Water surface elevations during average daily flow (4 cfs). Existing water surface is pink. Proposed water surface is blue. .................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 13 Water surface elevations during the 2-year flooding event (8 cfs). Existing water surface is pink. Proposed water surface is blue. ......................................................................................................... 20 Figure 14 Groundwater contributing area estimated from reverse particle tracking ................................ 22 Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 3 of 28 Appendices Appendix A: Onsite Soil Investigation Report January 13, 2021. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Appendix B: Ground Penetrating Radar Report July 19, 2021. Radar Solutions International Appendix C: Cranberry Bog Restoration and Management: Stream Flow and Nutrient Load Determination within the Hamblin Bog System, Town of Barnstable, MA. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth School for Marine Science & Technology Appendix D: Marstons Mills River Bogs Ecological Restoration Project, Barnstable MA, Basis of Design Report – 75% Completion Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 4 of 28 1. Introduction Located on Cape Cod in the village of Marstons Mills, the Marstons Mills River Bogs are a wetland complex that have been heavily modified for over 100 years for commercial cranberry production. The Barnstable Clean Water Coalition (BCWC) is proposing to restore 57 acres of cranberry bogs to a more naturally functioning stream and wetland complex. The bogs exhibit the typical legacy impacts of cranberry cultivation including physical and biological simplification, over-drainage by a network of ditches, a compacted anthropogenic sand layer overlying native wetland soils, and flow barriers such as earthen berms and flow control structures. These impacts have resulted in limited biodiversity, impaired fish passage, reduced nutrient uptake, and limited resiliency of the system in the face of climate change. Goals for this Project are to create a healthy, self-sustaining, and dynamic wetlands, to improve water quality, to improve hydrologic and aquatic habitat connectivity, to allow for continued cranberry farming in bogs adjacent to the Project Site, and to provide passive recreation in a permanently protected open space. Cranberry farming at the Marstons Mills River Bogs likely began between the late 1890s and early 1930s. While the bogs are not present in the United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map from 1893, they are marked in the 1938 USGS topographic map (Figure 1). Documentation of site conditions before agriculture is limited, though the 1983 map depicts a sinuous wetland channel. Oral history from the Wampanoag people, who lived in the villages throughout the present-day Marstons Mills and greater Cape Cod, underscores the area’s ecological significance. According to tribal member and Native Land Conservancy representative Leslie Jonas, the region was part of the Cummaquid area, and the Project Site was likely called Wompashq, meaning wetland or marshy land. Wetlands were, and remain, essential to the Wampanoag for foraging, harvesting, building, hunting, and accessing clean water. They used springs as sources of drinking water, foraged wild cranberries, hunted animals such as deer and racoons, and harvested Atlantic white cedar for their homes and ceremonies. Figure 1 United States Geological Survey Maps from 1893 (left) and 1938 (right) Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 5 of 28 Once cranberry agriculture began, the Marstons Mills River channel was straightened and widened to convey water more efficiently. Lateral and perimeter ditches were created to drain the wetland and move water around the bogs. Flow control structures were installed to manipulate flows for cranberry cultivation, harvest (flooding for wet harvest), and frost protection (flooding over the winter). Farmers also spread sand periodically on the peat surface to stimulate vine growth and suppress weeds, resulting in a sand layer one to three feet thick covering the historic wetlands surface across the Site. The earliest known aerial imagery from 1938 shows the land extensively developed into cranberry bogs (Figure 2). While most of the Site still resembles its 1938 condition, the most upstream cranberry bog cells at the northwest limit of the Site have since been abandoned (white circled area in Figures 2 and 3). These cells have reverted to forested wetlands and now form the headwaters for the Marstons Mills River. The exact date cultivation ceased there is unknown, though the headwaters pond first appears in the 1968 aerial photograph (Figure 3). In addition, the two reservoirs currently on Site are not visible in most historical imagery. One reservoir cell becomes visible in 1991 aerial photograph (Figure 4). Figure 2 1938 Aerial Photograph of the Project Site (Courtesy of Cape Cod Commission’s Cape Cod Chronology Viewer). Project boundary outlined in red and headwater cells later abandoned circled in white. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 6 of 28 Figure 3 1968 Aerial Photograph of the Project Site (Courtesy of Cape Cod Commission’s Cape Cod Chronology Viewer). Project boundary outlined in red and headwater cells abandoned circled in white. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 7 of 28 Figure 4 1991 Aerial Photograph of the Project Site (Courtesy of Cape Cod Commission’s Cape Cod Chronology Viewer). Project boundary outlined in red and the first visible reservoir cell circled in yellow. 2. Existing Conditions 2.1 Cell Descriptions The Project Site consists of nine former cranberry bog cells, with approximately 8,000 linear feet of river channel flowing through them. The river channel enters the Project Site via a ditch from its headwaters (historically abandoned cranberry bog cells that are currently forested wetlands) approximately 200 feet upstream of the Project boundary. The river channel then remains artificially ditched as it flows through the entire site bog complex. Flow control structures throughout the Project Site were used to retain water and flood the bogs multiple times a year for harvesting and frost protection. A lack of geomorphic complexity throughout the site has resulted in limited aquatic habitat, leading to reduced species richness and biodiversity. Refer to Figure 5 for the location and outline of the Project bog cells. Note that the Project does not cover all of the existing cranberry bog cells in the general site area. Some bog cells will remain in agricultural production and are not included in the Project restoration design nor named as Project cells on Figure 5. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 8 of 28 2.1.1 Cells A, B, C, and D Cells A, B, C, and D are the four most upstream bogs within the Project Site (Figure 5). Active farming of these bog cells ceased in late 2022. The total area of these bog cells is approximately 8 acres. The Marstons Mills River flows out of its headwaters and into Cell A, passing through a berm by means of a water control structure, before flowing through Cells A, B, C, and D via an artificially straightened ditch. After Cell D the river flows through a series of actively farmed cranberry bogs, which are not a part of the proposed Project, before flowing underneath Bog Road. The vegetation in cells A, B, C, and D primarily consists of cranberry mat, with other native and invasive species also present, and sphagnum in the ditches. 2.1.2 Cell 1 The first cell downstream of Bog Road is Cell 1, which consists of a primary bog (outlined and labeled as 1A in Figure 5) and four smaller bogs (1B, 1C, and 1D), each separated by a berm. Active farming of these bog cells ceased in June 2023. The bog is mostly covered in cranberry vine mat with other native and invasive species also present. The compacted sand layer is approximately 1 foot thick along the edges and 2 to 2.5 feet in the middle. Underlying the sand is peat, which is thicker towards the center and tapers off towards the edges. The main river channel, ditched and artificially widened, conveys the majority of the flow while lateral and perimeter ditches move water throughout the bogs. 2.1.3 Reservoirs 1 and 2 After Cell 1 the main river channel flows into Reservoirs 1 and 2. These man-made reservoirs, which first show up on the 1991 aerial imagery (and only one is visible at that point in time), were used to store water so the farmers could irrigate and transfer water throughout the complex. Separated by flow control structures, these reservoirs have a total surface area of approximately 1 acre and contain aquatic vegetation and algae. The water depth varies depending on the season and farming practices, but it is estimated to be approximately 4 to 6 feet in depth. Each reservoir is equipped with a pump, pumphouse, and gas tank. Saplings line the edge of Reservoir 2 and Phragmites, an invasive plant, is present on the northern edge of Reservoir 2. 2.1.4 Cell 3 Cell 3 is separated into two parts by an earthen berm, creating a smaller eastern bog (labeled as 3A in Figure 5) and a larger western bog (3B). Active farming of these bog cells ceased in June 2023. The vegetation primarily consists of cranberry mat, with other native and invasive species also present, and sphagnum in the ditches. The thickness of the compacted sand layer varies – 1 to 1.5 feet thick along the edges and 2 to 2.5 feet in the interior of the bogs. The east side of the western cell has a compacted sand layer thickness of 3+ feet. The underlying peat layer is deep throughout the larger western bog, but minimal in the smaller eastern bog. The main river channel flows from the northeast to the southwest through an artificially straightened and widened channel. Lateral and perimeter ditches contribute flow throughout this cell. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 9 of 28 Figure 5 Marstons Mills River Restoration Site Map. All Cells outlined in red are part of the proposed Project. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 10 of 28 2.1.5 Cell 4 After leaving Cell 3, the main river channel flows along the western edge of Cell 4 via an artificially straight channel and is separated from the rest of the cell by a berm. There is a flow control structure along this berm to let water into the primary channel. Cell 4 was retired from cranberry production due to being too wet. While it is unclear from historic aerial images exactly when the cell was retired, the pond in the center first appears in the 1951 aerial image (Figure 6). Since the retirement of the cell, a large pond with a depth of approximately 3 feet has formed in the middle. The perimeter and lateral ditches are still somewhat discernable. The vegetation consists of shrubs and a few saplings around the edges with a lot of sphagnum in the wetter areas. At around 1 to 2 feet, the thickness of the compacted sand layer is comparable to that of the other bog cells. The underlying peat layer in the middle of the cell is approximately 10 to 15 feet thick. Figure 6 1951 Aerial Image of Cell 4 (Courtesy of Cape Cod Commission’s Cape Cod Chronology Viewer). Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 11 of 28 2.1.6 Cell 6 While Cell 6 was abandoned in the early 2000s, flow control structures connecting it to Reservoir 1 are still in place. The cell’s bog surface is relatively high and the vegetation consists mostly of pine saplings. The compacted sand layer is approximately 2 feet thick and underlying peat is approximately 3 feet thick. 2.2 Sand and Peat Characterization The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) conducted an onsite soil investigation in 2021, collecting borings at nine locations throughout Cells 1 and 3 using a spade and a 16-foot tile probe (Appendix A). The surface conditions were characterized as a sanded surface over deep organic soil material with an average measured depth of sand of approximately 20 inches. Soils in the Project Area are mapped as Freetown coarse sand, which is classified as very poorly drained organic material with 0 to 3 percent slopes and a sanded surface, identified by map symbol 55A. The thickness of the peat layer ranged from 4 feet to 16 feet, with the deepest areas of peat found in the center of Cells 1 and 3. All areas contained organic soil, indicating the historical presence of peatlands prior to the construction of cranberry farms in the area. A ground-penetrating radar survey of Cells 1 and 3 was conducted by Radar Solutions International (RSI) resulted in similar findings to the NRCS investigation (Appendix B). The survey found that the compacted sand layer ranges in thickness from 1.5 feet to 2.5 feet, on average, with a maximum thickness of 4 to 5 feet in the center of Cell 3. In some locations the underlying peat is over 16 feet thick, with an intermediate layer that appears to have some sand mixed with the peat. 2.3 Water Quality The Three Bays estuary, downstream from the Project Site, has a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Total Nitrogen. A TMDL establishes the maximum loadings that a waterbody can receive and still meet and maintain its water quality standards and designated uses. The Total Nitrogen (TN) TMDL for the Three Bays estuary is 25,643 kg TN per year while its current attenuated watershed load, according to the Town of Barnstable’s Section 208 Compliance Report, is 46,221 kg TN per year. This means that the Three Bays estuary requires a reduction of 20,578 kg TN per year in order to meet its TMDL. According to a study done at the Project Site by the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth School for Marine Science and Technology (Appendix C), in combination with data collected by BCWC, it is estimated that over 7,500 kg TN exits the Project Site via the Marstons Mills River on an annual basis. Nitrogen as a pollutant is significant for estuarine systems because it is commonly the limiting nutrient for algal growth in those environments. Excess nitrogen fuels excess algal growth (eutrophication) which then limits light availability during the algal growth stage and the oxygen available in the water column is consumed through microbial processes as dying algae decay – all to the detriment of ecology and habitat in these affected areas. 3. Project Site Monitoring and Modeling 3.1 Surface Water Monitoring Stations and Groundwater Monitoring Wells Site hydrologic conditions were monitored through the installation and use of groundwater monitoring wells and surface water monitoring stations. Monitoring wells were installed to the maximum depth below the water table practicable via hand auger installation. All monitoring wells are two inches in Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 12 of 28 diameter and consist of five feet of slotted PVC topped with solid PVC riser and a well cap. Staff gauges were used as surface water monitoring locations. See Figure 7 for a map of monitoring locations and staff gauges. Figure 7 Monitoring Wells and Staff Gauges Site Map Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 13 of 28 On December 6th and 7th, 2022, six automated water level loggers were placed in wells MW-1, MW-2, MW-3, and at SG-2, SG-3, and SG-6. A separate logger to record barometric pressure (for compensation of the collected water level data for changes in atmospheric pressure) was also placed on site. On March 15th, 2023, six additional Van Essen Instruments brand TD-Diver automated water level loggers were placed in wells MW-4, MW-5, MW-6, MW-7, MW-8 and at SG-7. All loggers were programmed to take readings every hour. Manual depth to water measurements were taken during all site visits for logger data download. Data collected from water level loggers at monitoring wells and staff gauges was compiled for analysis to determine water elevations throughout the bog complex. Logger data was compensated for barometric pressure variations and then converted to elevations based on surveyed reference elevations at each monitoring well and staff gauge in order to create a record of water elevations through time across the Project Site. Figure 8 depicts recorded water elevations for all logger locations across the Project Site from December of 2022 through March of 2023. Figure 8 also provides a record of precipitation for the same monitoring period with data obtained from nearby Weather Underground Station KMAMARST7 Santuit-Newtown. Figure 8 Water Elevations December 2022 - March 2023 Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 14 of 28 Figure 8 shows that groundwater and surface water levels generally move similarly to each other in both timing and magnitude, and that rapid spikes in groundwater and surface water levels can be seen in response to larger precipitation events, proportional to the size of the event. However, the larger and most obvious water level fluctuations are due to human water level management for cranberry farming. In particular, it appears that on February 7th water was backed up in Cell 1 before being let out again on February 14th. This is a common practice in cranberry farming for frost protection. Figure 9 provides a water table map depicting the contoured height of the water table based on measurements taken during a site visit on March 15, 2023. This visit coincided with the installation of newer monitoring wells and staff gauges. These additional monitoring points provide a more complete picture of the water table at and around the Project Site. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 15 of 28 Figure 9 Water Table Map Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 16 of 28 The water table map depicts typical water table conditions for a gaining stream in the permeable Cape Cod Aquifer. There is a general gradient from upstream to downstream as would be expected as well as a general focusing of groundwater from both sides of the river corridor into the river itself (note the “V” or convex shape of the contours pointing upstream). The timing of these contoured water table data from mid-March is outside of the main windows of active water management for cranberry farming – harvest, winter frost protection, and growing season irrigation. As such, this map likely depicts a time with hydrologic conditions as natural as possible for this actively farmed setting. It should be noted that at that time, the many water control structures on Site still had some boards in them backing up water between many bog cells, but the setting of these boards and water management on Site in general was as inactive at the time of this map as is likely to commonly occur. 3.2 USGS Stream Gauge In 2021 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and United States Geologic Survey (USGS) collaborated to install a stream gauge on the Marstons Mills River downstream of the cranberry bogs. During design the Project Team utilized data during a period between June 1, 2021 and May 14, 2023 (Figure 10). The data shows that the discharge drops below 1 cubic foot per second (cfs) during January and experiences a quick spike above 30 cfs at the end of February. This is reflective of when the farmers use stoplogs to flood the bogs for frost protection over the winter. Once the stoplogs are removed, discharge suddenly increases as the bogs are drained. In the summer months, the farmer irrigates the fields when needed, pumping from the Marstons Mills River. The discharge from June through September typically ranges between 2 and 5 cfs. In the fall, the farmers flood the bogs once again to harvest the cranberries. Other changes in discharge are due to levels of precipitation, groundwater inputs, groundwater well withdrawals from nearby houses, and any other manipulations the farmers might make for cranberry production. Figure 10 Discharge measurements of the Marstons Mills River gauge (0110588332) at the downstream outlet of the Marstons Mills Bogs 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 6/13/2021 9/21/2021 12/30/2021 4/9/2022 7/18/2022 10/26/2022 2/3/2023 5/14/2023Discharge (cu. ft/s)Date Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 17 of 28 3.3 SMAST Stream Flow Assessment The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth School for Marine Studies and Technology (SMAST) measured streamflow at nine locations throughout the Project Site from mid-2018 to mid-2019 in order to understand water movement and nutrient attenuation throughout the site (Appendix C). Overall, this assessment found that groundwater inputs are the dominant contribution to streamflow, as it increases steadily as flow moves in the downstream direction through the Project Site. 3.4 Flood Flow Estimates The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Technical Release 55, Urban Hydrology of Small Watersheds (TR055) rainfall-runoff analysis method is an industry standard method for estimating discharge-frequency curves. However, it assumes that peak flows in surface waters are driven by surface runoff, not by groundwater. Some of the procedures in TR-55 were adapted to better represent conditions and processes in the watershed. Results are provided in Table 1. See Section 3.13.3 of the Basis of Design Report for more information on the development of these estimates (Appendix D). Table 1: Estimated Discharge Frequencies Average Return Period (Years) Annual Exceedance Probability (%) Discharge (cubic feet per second) 2 50 8 5 20 18 10 10 29 25 5 46 50 2 62 100 1 78 200 0.5 99 500 0.2 129 3.5 Surface Water Hydraulic Model Using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydraulic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software version 6.3.1 the Project Team built a two-dimensional quasi steady flow hydraulic model to compare the impacts of the proposed conditions on retention time, wetted area, and flood profiles during typical and peak flood flows. For more information on the development of this model, see Section 4 of the Basis of Design Report (Appendix D). The existing conditions model served as the basis for the generation of proposed condition model. While a series of proposed condition alternatives were modeled, the chosen design is a dispersed flow design with no formal channel. The average elevation in Cells 1 and 3 were lowered to limit increases in the water surface elevation immediately upstream of Bog Road were cranberry farming will remain active. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 18 of 28 Multiple flow events were modeled, including a low flow of 2 cfs, a daily average flow of 4 cfs, a 2-year flooding event at 8 cfs, a 10-year flooding event at 29 cfs, and the 100-year flood event at 78 cfs. Results show that the dispersed flow design wets and spreads water across the bog surface without affecting the actively farmed cells between Cells D and Bog Road (Figures 11–13). In each figure the pink coloring shows the existing surface water extent and blue coloring shows the proposed surface water extent. Figure 11 Water surface elevations during low flow (2 cfs). Existing water surface is pink. Proposed water surface is blue. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 19 of 28 Figure 12 Water surface elevations during average daily flow (4 cfs). Existing water surface is pink. Proposed water surface is blue. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 20 of 28 For the 100-year event, water remains inside the perimeter berms under both existing and proposed conditions, and the proposed design lowers the water surface elevation within the Project Site by removing inner berms and flow control structures. Water levels in the river downstream of the Project Site are unchanged between existing and proposed conditions. 3.6 Groundwater Model Groundwater modeling was performed to evaluate the movement of groundwater, including gains and losses within the stream channel, in the Project Area and contributing watershed. Numerical groundwater modeling uses a 3-dimensional grid of model cells to represent aquifer properties throughout a Project Area. Thousands of simultaneous finite-difference equations representing the groundwater flow conditions between each of the thousands of model cells are solved to estimate groundwater conditions within the modeled area based on these gridded properties. Model calculations are performed using the United States Geological Survey (USGS) MODFLOW model program which is Figure 13 Water surface elevations during the 2-year flooding event (8 cfs). Existing water surface is pink. Proposed water surface is blue. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 21 of 28 graphically manipulated and interpreted by the Project Team using Groundwater Vistas 8 (Environmental Simulations, Inc) graphical user interface (GUI). Groundwater Vistas was also utilized as the GUI to interact with the separate USGS MODPATH particle tracking model used to track the fate and transport of water molecules (particles) through aquifer space and time. For more information on the construction of this model see Section 5.1 of the Basis of Design Report (Appendix D). Once the overall groundwater capture area for the Project site (Figure 14) was determined, further particle tracking analyses were conducted to better inform the three-dimensional movement of groundwater. Land areas with high nitrogen loads were identified using the Cape Cod Commission’s Watershed Multi-Variant Planner (MVP) tool to estimate nitrogen loads from specific neighborhoods within model-identified groundwater contributing areas. This enabled the identification of contributing areas likely to contain maximum nitrogen concentration for priority targeting of nitrogen interception via Project elements such as ponds. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 22 of 28 Figure 14 Groundwater contributing area estimated from reverse particle tracking Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 23 of 28 4. Project Design Elements of the proposed Project throughout the Project Site include: • Filling the mainstem channel of the Marstons Mills River with soil to achieve broad water dispersal and maximize nitrogen attenuation. • Removing barriers to flow and aquatic organism passage. • Installation of floodplain wood, including saplings, logs, and vertical timber piles to provide aquatic habitat and roughness to help disperse water onto wetland surfaces. • Creating topographic complexity to help restore hydrologic and vegetative conditions. This will consist of microtopographic and macrotopographic features. The microtopographic features include small hummocks and pools that are approximately 1.5 feet higher and lower than the average bog surface. Material for microtopographic features will come from the bog, creating larger low elevation areas in the process. Macrotopographic features are larger constructed mounds of various shapes up to 30 feet in diameter and approximately 1.5 feet higher than the average bog surface. • Creating new pond features for aquatic habitat and additional nitrogen attenuation. • Filling perimeter and lateral ditches with soil to remove the drainage network and restore the hydrologic connectivity important to wetland development and functionality. • Maintaining pedestrian access. • Daylighting the Marstons Mills River by removing culverts and associated earthen berms. • Seeding staging and stockpile areas with native pollinator species to create upland pollinator meadows. 4.1 Cells A, B, C, and D Cells A, B, C, and D are proposed to be a Comprehensive Study Area (CSA). Each cell within the CSA will feature a proven wetland restoration technique constructed in a manner that allows for monitoring of the impacts to water quality. All earthen berms and flow control structure downstream will remain in place and not be altered. The Marstons Mills River mainstem channel and perimeter and lateral ditches are proposed to be filled with soil. Up to two permeable reactive barriers (PRB) are proposed for portions of the perimeter ditches on the south and/or north side of Cells A and B. A final decision on PRB locations, or inclusion at all, will depend on more detailed, forthcoming groundwater flow mapping and available Project funding constraints. By requiring groundwater to flow through a carbon media as it enters the site, a PRB allows for denitrifying bacteria to respirate nitrate in the water and convert it to nitrogen gas. This serves as a pre-treatment of nitrogen in groundwater before it enters the restored wetland. Restoration of these cells also includes the installation of slash and topographic complexity. The planting zone proposed for these cells is Atlantic white cedar swamp. Two upland borrow pit areas on the north side of Cell A were historically used by farmers as sources of sand to place on the cranberry bogs. During construction, excess excavated sand and soil removed from the bogs will be placed in these former borrow pits, labeled ‘sand reuse areas’ on the design drawings. 4.2 Cell 1 The Marstons Mills River mainstem channel and perimeter and lateral ditches are proposed to be filled throughout Cell 1. Five earthen berms and their flow control structures will be removed – the berm separating Cell 1A and Cell 1B, the berm separating Cell 1A and Cell 1C, the berm separating Cell 1A and Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 24 of 28 Cell 1D, and the berm downstream of Cell 1D. The bog surface will be lowered to elevation 42.5’, roughly 0.5 feet above present groundwater levels. Restoration of this cell also includes sand removal, slash installation, topographic complexity, and the creation of two ponds. The planting zone proposed for Cell 1A and Cell 1D is Atlantic white cedar swamp. 4.2.1 Cell 1B This cell is proposed to be a planting monitoring zone. The goal of the monitoring in this cell is to examine the climate resiliency of plants by comparing the survival and growth of Atlantic white cedar trees sourced from different states along the east coast of the United States. 4.2.2 Cell 1C This cell is currently higher in elevation than Cell 1A. In addition to removing the berm separating it from Cell 1A, the Project Team proposes removing 2.5 feet of sand from the surface of this cell to reduce the ground elevation and increase hydrologic connectivity. The planting zone proposed in this cell will focus on plants that are significant to local Indigenous communities. 4.2.3 Reservoirs 1 and 2 Designs propose combining these two small reservoirs into one larger pond that maintains the current depth of the two reservoirs by removing the existing earthen berm between the two. The earthen berms at the upstream and downstream ends of the reservoirs would also be removed. The resulting single pond will be partially filled to decrease its depth to approximately 1.5 feet. This is to provide an additional nitrogen attenuation opportunity as well as to provide a reuse area for excavated sand. 4.3 Cell 3 The existing, straightened Marstons Mills River mainstem channel and the perimeter and lateral ditches throughout this cell are proposed to be filled with soil throughout this cell. Designs for this cell also include topographic complexity, slash installation, the removal of earthen berms and flow control structures at the upstream end, downstream end, and dividing this cell. The planting zone proposed for this cell is deciduous forested swamp. 4.4 Cell 4 Water will flow into Cell 4 via the topographic features created in Cell 3 before flowing, via dispersed flow, into the existing shallow pond. From this pond water will flow out of the Project Site via a meandering channel that will gradually drop the elevation to meet the elevation of the existing drainage ditch. A portion of the existing drainage ditch, upstream of where the new channel will convey flow, will be filled to match the adjacent bog surface. Designs for this cell also include filling the perimeter and lateral ditches with soil and the installation of slash. The earthen berm between Cell 3 and Cell 4 is proposed to be removed. The existing pond is not proposed to be altered. The planting zone proposed for this cell is deciduous forested swamp. 4.5 Cell 6 Designs for this cell include the removal of 1 foot of sand, filing the ditches, topographic complexity, and the installation of slash. The planting zone proposed for this cell is Atlantic white cedar swamp. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 25 of 28 5. Additional Project Permitting The proposed Project will require review and permitting under various environmental and wetland laws, including the following: • Massachusetts Environmental Protection Act (MEPA) (Notice of Ecological Restoration Project submitted 11/25/2024; Confirmation of No Environmental Notification Form (ENF) Required received 1/14/2025) – On January 6th, 2023 the MEPA office amended 301 CMR 11.00 (MEPA Regulations). The amended regulation allows for a streamlined process for Ecological Restoration Projects that exempts eligible Projects from the requirement to file for an ENF in lieu of the publication of a Notice of Ecological Restoration Project in the Environmental Monitor. If the Ecological Restoration Project Order of Conditions is denied, then the Project would be required to submit an ENF and obtain a MEPA Certificate; • Approval under the Massachusetts Wetland Protection Act and Barnstable Wetlands Protection Bylaw via an Ecological Restoration Order of Conditions from the Barnstable Conservation Commission; • US Army Corps of Engineers Section 404/Section 10 General Permit; • Section 106 National Historic Preservation Act Review; • Massachusetts Department of Coastal Zone Management Federal Consistency Review; • Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Chapter 91 Permit; and • EPA Sole Source Aquifer Review. As an Ecological Restoration Project, an Excavation and Fill Water Quality Certification (WQC) is not required. If the Ecological Restoration Order of Conditions is denied, then the Project would need to obtain an Excavation and Fill WQC. In addition, the Project as proposed only has 21 cubic yards of dredging, which is below the 100 cubic yard threshold that triggers a Dredge WQC. As a result, this Project is not expected to obtain a WQC. 5.1 Interests Under the Clean Water Act The proposed restoration is an activity subject to United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) jurisdiction as it is an activity in wetlands with a continuous surface connection to the Marstons Mills River, which is a Water of the United States. As such, the work associated with this Project meets the definition for dredging within Waters of the United States and it must receive USACE authorization. The USACE regulates these activities under §404 of the Clean Water Act through the General Permits (GPs) for Massachusetts. It is anticipated that this Project would be reviewed under GP 10. Aquatic Habitat Restoration, Enhancement, and Establishment Activities. As stated above, one of the primary drivers of this restoration Project is a desire to improve water quality through increased nitrogen attenuation. In conjunction with restoring the other ecosystem services that wetlands provide and that are currently limited on site due to the legacy impacts of cranberry agriculture, the proposed Project will provide an immense water quality benefit to Waters of the United States. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 26 of 28 5.2 Interests Under the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and Barnstable Wetlands Protection Regulations As proposed, this Project advances five interests of the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act. These interests are: • Flood control, • Storm damage prevention, • Prevention of pollution, • Protection of fisheries, and • Protection of wildlife habitat. It also advances eight wetlands values within the Barnstable Wetlands Protection regulations. • Flood control, • Storm damage prevention, • Erosion and sedimentation control, • Prevention of water pollution, • Wildlife habitat, • Fisheries, • Recreation, and • Aesthetics. Currently the functions and quality of the resource areas on site are compromised due to the legacy impacts of cranberry agriculture. As an Ecological Restoration Project this Project aims to restore wetlands ecosystem functions and thus restore the ecological quality of the resource areas on site and enhance the interests contained in Barnstable’s Wetland Bylaw. Therefore, a waiver is requested relative to Barnstable’s Buffer Zone Bylaw (Ch 704 – 4A) for work within the 0 to 50-foot boundary. Proposed activities will result in the expansion or reduction of some resource areas, as well as the conversion of one resource area type to another resource area type. The anticipated extent of alteration to each resource area is indicted under the “Existing Conditions” column in Table 2, and the final change in cover of each resource area as a result of the project is indicated by the “Proposed Conditions” column. Similar to other restoration projects involving cranberry bogs that have been permitted by MassDEP, no field delineation of BVW was completed for this Project. All areas within the boundaries of the cranberry bogs are classified as either Land Under Waterbodies and Waterways (channel and ponds) or Bordering Vegetated Wetlands (cranberry bog surfaces). While these are severely degraded wetlands, for the purposes of permitting we have classified them as wetlands to assume the maximum impact to wetland resource areas during construction. Other WPA or locally protected resource areas that will be altered by the project include Riverfront Area, which is derived from the Mean Annual High Water (MAHW) line that was defined by the extent of the existing ditches, and Inland Bank, which was derived from areas classified as LUWW. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 27 of 28 Table 2: Resource Area Impacts: Existing and Proposed Area Coverage Resource Area Existing Conditions1 (SF) Proposed Conditions2 (SF) Notes Bordering Vegetated Wetlands 1,795,704 1,822,204 Creation of 26,500 SF of BVW Riverfront Area 3,058,695 3,058,695 No change as the MAHW line is defined by the extent of the ditches under existing conditions and by the restored edge of the bog under proposed conditions Inland Bank 11,762 LF 7,355 LF Dispersed flow design results in shorter stream length Land Under Waterbodies and Waterways 266,140 258,557 Dispersed flow design results in shorter stream length and some conversion to BVW Notes: SF = square feet; LF = linear feet; resource areas overlap and are not additive 1Represents the extent of alteration within each existing resource area (includes temporary and permanent impacts); 2Represents extent of post-construction resource area coverage (as a result of creation or conversion from one type to another) 5.3 Ecological Restoration Order of Conditions Eligibility The proposed Project is seeking a Restoration Order of Conditions under the Stream Daylighting project type. In addition to meeting the general eligibility criteria for Ecological Restoration Projects under 310 CMR 10.13(1) it also meets the additional eligibility criteria for this specific project type under 310 CMR 10.13(4). The Project Team has also completed all of the actions required before submitting a Notice of Intent for an Ecological Restoration Project (310 CMR 10.11). This includes submitting written notification of the proposed filing for publication in the Environmental Monitor and obtaining a written determination from the Division of Marine Fisheries as to whether the Project requires a Time of Year restriction. 6. Alternatives Analysis Five alternatives were assessed during the design process – a dispersed flow with no sand removal alternative, a dispersed flow with sand removal alternative, a small sinuous channel alternative, a combined dispersed flow and sinuous channel alternative, and a do-nothing alternative. 6.1 Dispersed Flow With No Sand Removal Alternative Designs for this alternative called for there to be no channel for the Marstons Mills River throughout the Project Site. This alternative was driven by the desire to spread water across the bog surface throughout the site and to increase residence time – both leading to theoretically more denitrification throughout the restored wetlands. This alternative achieved almost all of the Project goals. However, the hydraulic modeling completed as a part of Project design showed that 2-year frequency and above flooding events would raise the water surface elevation upstream of Bog Road too much to allow for the continued cranberry cultivation that is expected to continue between Cell D and Cell 1. Not meeting this particular Project goal eliminated this alternative from advanced design. Marstons Mills River Bogs Restoration Project Horsley Witten Group, Inc. Barnstable, MA August 2025 Page 28 of 28 6.2 Small Sinuous Channel Alternative In this alternative the Marstons Mills River flows through a small, sinuous channel throughout the Project Site. The sinuosity of the channel helps to increase residence time and increase contact with wetland soils for increased denitrification. Hydraulic modeling shows that this alternative avoids impacting continued cranberry cultivation on the upstream side of Bog Road. While the residence time, and thus nitrogen attenuation, would not be maximized (as it would under a full dispersed flow alternative), all Project goals are met by this alternative. 6.3 Combined Dispersed Flow and Small Sinuous Channel Alternative This alternative utilized dispersed flow designs in Cells A through Cell D and small sinuous channel designs in Cell 1 through Cell 5. Hydraulic modeling shows that this alternative avoids impacting continued cranberry cultivation on the upstream side of Bog Road. While the residence time, and thus nitrogen attenuation, would not be maximized (as it would under a full dispersed flow alternative), all Project goals are met by this alternative. This alternative allows for all Project goals to be met to the maximum extent possible without interfering with continued cranberry cultivation between Cell D and Cell 1. 6.4 Do-Nothing Alternative The existing conditions, which would continue under the do-nothing alternative, were heavily studied throughout the design process. The legacy impacts of the Project Site’s long history of cranberry cultivation, including over-drainage, physical and biological simplification, flow barriers, and the compacted anthropogenic sand layer, would not be addressed. The entirety of the excess nitrogen load for the Three Bays estuary would have to be addressed in other locations. While it may be possible for the passive recreational use of the Project site to continue, the majority of the Project goals would not be met by this alternative. 6.5 Dispersed Flow With Sand Removal Alternative (Preferred Alternative) This alternative, described in Section 4, includes no mainstem channel for the Marstons Mills River throughout most of the Project Site. Similar to the other dispersed flow alternative, this alternative was driven by the desire to spread water across the bog surface throughout the site and to increase residence time – both theoretically leading to more denitrification throughout the restored wetlands. As shown by the hydraulic modeling, removing sand in Cell 1 and Cell 3 shows that this alternative does not significantly raise the water surface elevation upstream of Bog Road and allows for the cranberry cultivation that is expected to continue between Cell D and Cell 1. This alternative meets all Project goals and allows for the maximum amount of nitrogen attenuation possible. Appendix A - USDA Onsite Soil Investigation Natural Resources Conservation Service :DUHKDP)LHOG2IILFH7KDWFKHU/DQH6WH:DUHKDP0$ H[W_ID[_ZZZPDQUFVXVGDJRY 86'$LVDQHTXDORSSRUWXQLW\SURYLGHUHPSOR\HUDQGOHQGHU Date: ϭͬϭϯͬϮϬϮϭ Subject: KŶƐŝƚĞƐŽŝůŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌ,ĂŵďůŝŶŽŐƐ͕DĂƌƐƚŽŶDŝůůƐ͕D Background: dŚĞ,ĂŵďůŝŶŽŐƐŝŶDĂƌƐƚŽŶDŝůůƐ͕D ĂƌĞďĞŝŶŐŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚĂƐƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůƐŝƚĞƐƚŽ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂǁĞƚůĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ͘ŽůůĞĐƚŝŶŐĚĂƚĂŽŶƐŽŝůĂŶĚŚǇĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐŝƚĞǁŝůůŚĞůƉ ŝĚĞŶƚŝĨǇƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůĨŽƌƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚǁŝůůŚĞůƉŝŶŐƵŝĚĞŝŶƐƵĐŚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƚŝŽŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘ Participants: DĂŐŐŝĞWĂǇŶĞ͕EZ^ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ^Žŝů^ĐŝĞŶƚŝƐƚ͕tĂƌĞŚĂŵ͕D ĂƐĞǇĂŶŶŚĂƵƐĞƌ͕^ƉĞĐŝĂůWƌŽũĞĐƚƐDĂŶĂŐĞƌ͕ĂƌŶƐƚĂďůĞůĞĂŶtĂƚĞƌŽĂůŝƚŝŽŶ Results/Discussion:dŚĞ,ĂŵďůŝŶŽŐƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŽĨĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϰϳĂĐƌĞƐŽĨĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďŽŐŵĂƉƉĞĚĂƐ ϱϱ&ƌĞĞƚŽǁŶĐŽĂƌƐĞƐĂŶĚ͕ϬƚŽϯƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐůŽƉĞƐ͕ƐĂŶĚĞĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘&ƌĞĞƚŽǁŶƐŽŝůƐĂƌĞǀĞƌǇƉŽŽƌůǇĚƌĂŝŶĞĚ ƐŽŝůƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶϱϬŝŶĐŚĞƐ;ϭ͘ϮϳŵͿŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůǁŝƚŚĂƐĂŶĚǇƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŝŶŐŽĨ ƐĂŶĚƐĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂƐĂƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇŐƌŽǁŝŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ͘^ĞĞĂƚƚĂĐŚĞĚƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇ ĞĚ^ŽŝůƐŽĨDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌŵŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƚǇƉŝĐĂůƐŽŝůƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƌĞĂ͘ /ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĐŽŶĨŝƌŵƚŚĞƐŽŝůŵĂƉƉŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞďŽŐ͕ƚŚĞĂƌĞĂǁĂƐƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĞĚŽŶĨŽŽƚĂŶĚƐŽŝůƐǁĞƌĞ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚĂƚŶŝŶĞƉŽŝŶƚƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐƉĂĚĞĂŶĚĂϭϲͲĨŽŽƚ;ϱŵͿƚŝůĞƉƌŽďĞ͘>ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶƐǁĞƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐĂ 'ĂƌŵŝŶDŽŶƚĂŶĂϲϴϬƚ'W^;&ŝŐƵƌĞϭͿ͘ ůůůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶƐŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚǁĞƌĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵĂƉƉŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌǀĞǇ͕ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĂƐĂŶĚĞĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞŽǀĞƌĚĞĞƉŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ǆĐĂǀĂƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚĂƚŝůĞƐƉĂĚĞƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĞĚĞƉƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŶĚĞĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞůĂǇĞƌƚŽďĞĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϮϬŝŶĐŚĞƐ;Ϭ͘ϱŵͿ͕ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŝŶŐŽĨůĂǇĞƌĞĚƐĂŶĚĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘ĞŶĞĂƚŚƚŚĞƐĂŶĚĞĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƐŽŝůŝƐƐĂƚƵƌĂƚĞĚ͕ŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞůǇĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚƚĞƌ ;ŝĞƉĞĂƚͿ͘dŚĞƉĞĂƚůĂǇĞƌƌĂŶŐĞĚĨƌŽŵϰĨĞĞƚ;ϭ͘ϮŵͿƚŽŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶϭϲĨĞĞƚ;ϱŵͿŝŶƚŚŝĐŬŶĞƐƐ͘dŚĞ ŵĂǆŝŵƵŵĚĞƉƚŚŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚǁĂƐϭϲĨĞĞƚ;ϱŵͿĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƚŝůĞƉƌŽďĞƐŽŝƚŝƐůŝŬĞůǇƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚůǇŵŽƌĞĚĞƉƚŚŽĨƉĞĂƚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĂƐ͘ dŚĞĚĞĞƉĞƐƚĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƉĞĂƚǁĞƌĞŝŶƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶŵŽƐƚďŽŐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůďŽŐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶũƵƐƚŶŽƌƚŚ ŽĨƚŚĞƉŽŶĚĞĚĂƌĞĂ;ǁĂǇƉŽŝŶƚƐϬϬϱ͕ϬϬϳ͕ĂŶĚϬϭϮͿ͘^ŚĂůůŽǁĞƌƉĞĂƚĚĞƉƚŚƐǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů͕ŶĂƌƌŽǁĞĚƉŽƌƚŝŽŶƐŽĨďŽŐ;ǁĂǇƉŽŝŶƚƐϬϭϬĂŶĚϬϭϯͿ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚĂůůĂƌĞĂƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůƐ͘dŚĞ ƉŽŶĚĞĚďŽŐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŽŽĚǇǁĞƚůĂŶĚƚŽƚŚĞƐŽƵƚŚ;ϱϯŵĂƉƵŶŝƚͿǁĞƌĞŶŽƚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞĂƚƚŚĞƚŝŵĞ ĚƵĞƚŽĞǆĐĞƐƐŝǀĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞǁĂƚĞƌ͘ dŚĞĚĞĞƉŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůƐĂŶĚƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƐƵƌĨĂĐĞǁĂƚĞƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞďŽŐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶƐŝƐĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĂƚŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌĨůŽǁŝŶƚŽƚŚŝƐƐŝƚĞŝƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚ͘tĞƚůĂŶĚŚǇĚƌŽůŽŐǇĂůƌĞĂĚǇĞǆŝƐƚƐŽŶ ŵŽƐƚĂƌĞĂƐŽĨƚŚŝƐďŽŐĐŽŵƉůĞǆĚƵĞƚŽŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌŝŶƉƵƚƐ͘ Recommendations:/ĨĂǁĞƚůĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƚŝŽŶŝƐƉůĂŶŶĞĚĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƐŝƚĞ͕ĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƐƵƌǀĞǇƵƐŝŶŐ'ƌŽƵŶĚ WĞŶĞƚƌĂƚŝŶŐZĂĚĂƌ;'WZͿǁŽƵůĚďĞƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƚŽŐŝǀĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƉŝĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƉĞĂƚĚĞƉƚŚĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞ ďŽŐƐ͘EZ^ǁŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚŝƐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĨŽƌtZ;tĞƚůĂŶĚZĞƐĞƌǀĞĂƐĞŵĞŶƚͿƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ Figure 1: Location of soil investigation points ^ƵďŵŝƚƚĞĚďǇDĂŐŐŝĞWĂǇŶĞ͕ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ^Žŝů^ĐŝĞŶƚŝƐƚ͕EZ^ ƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇĞĚ^ŽŝůƐŽĨDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐ 1 | WĂŐĞ ĞĐͲϭϵ ^ŽŝůƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌŝĞƐŝŶDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐĂƌĞ ĚĞůŝŶĞĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ^Žŝů^ƵƌǀĞǇďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌĞŶƚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚ ŚǇĚƌŽůŽŐŝĐĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘dŚĞƐĞƐŽŝůƐĂƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚĂƐ&ĂƌŵůĂŶĚŽĨ hŶŝƋƵĞ/ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŝŶDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐ ĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƵŶŝƋƵĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐĂŶĚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐƚŽĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ ůůĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŽĨĂƐƵƌĨĂĐĞůĂǇĞƌŽĨƐĂŶĚǇĨŝůůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ;,ƵŵĂŶdƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĞĚDĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕Žƌ,dDͿƚŚĂƚŝƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐŽŝů ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĚƵƌŝŶŐĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚĐƌĞĂƚŝŽŶ͘dŚĞƚŚŝĐŬŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŶĚǇĨŝůů ŝƐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ͖ƚǇƉŝĐĂůůǇƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵϭϬƚŽϮϬŝŶĐŚĞƐ͘dŚŝŶůĂǇĞƌƐŽĨƐĂŶĚ ĂƌĞĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞŽŶĂƌĞŐƵůĂƌďĂƐŝƐĂƐĂŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞ͕ŽĨƚĞŶĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐĂůĂǇĞƌĞĚĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞƐŽŝů;&ŝŐƵƌĞϭͿ͘ ĞůŽǁƚŚĞƐĂŶĚǇŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝƐƚŚĞďƵƌŝĞĚƐŽŝůŽŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞďĞĚǁĂƐ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ͘dŚĞǀĂƌŝĂƚŝŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƐĞďƵƌŝĞĚƐŽŝůĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐŝƐƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐ ĨŽƌĚĞůŝŶĞĂƚŝŶŐĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚƐŽŝůƐ͘ DĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞŽůĚĞƐƚĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚƐǁĞƌĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚŝŶĞǆŝƐƚŝŶŐ ĐĞĚĂƌ ƐǁĂŵƉƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌǁĞƚůĂŶĚĂƌĞĂƐƚŚĂƚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĚĞĞƉŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ƐŽŝůƐ͘ KƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůƐ;ĐůĂƐƐŝĨŝĞĚĂƐ,ŝƐƚŽƐŽůƐͿĂƌĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝǌĞĚďǇŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ŚŽƌŝǌŽŶƐ͕ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƵŶĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚƉĞĂƚƚŽŚŝŐŚůǇĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚ ŵƵĐŬ͕ƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭϲŝŶĐŚĞƐƚŚŝĐŬĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϬ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐĂƌďŽŶ ďǇǁĞŝŐŚƚ͘/ŶƐŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐ͕ƚŚŝĐŬ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůƐĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶĚĞĞƉŬĞƚƚůĞŚŽůĞƐƚŚĂƚŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƚĂďůĞĂŶĚĨŝůůĞĚŝŶǁŝƚŚŵƵĐŬŽƌƉĞĂƚŽǀĞƌƚŝŵĞ͘/ŶĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚƐ͕ƚŚĞƐĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůƐ ĂƌĞŵĂƉƉĞĚ ĂƐ^ǁĂŶƐĞĂ ĂŶĚ&ƌĞĞƚŽǁŶ ƐŽŝůƐ͘^ǁĂŶƐĞĂƐŽŝůƐ;ϲϬͿŚĂǀĞĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ůĂǇĞƌƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵϭϲƚŽϱϭŝŶĐŚĞƐƚŚŝĐŬ ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƐĂŶĚǇĨŝůů͘ĞůŽǁƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ůĂǇĞƌŝƐŐůĂĐŝĂůůǇĚĞƉŽƐŝƚĞĚƐĂŶĚǇŽƌƐŝůƚǇŵŝŶĞƌĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘&ƌĞĞƚŽǁŶƐŽŝůƐ ;ϱϱͿĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶƚŚŝĐŬ;хϱϭŝŶĐŚĞƐͿŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐ͘/ŶŵĂŶǇĂƌĞĂƐƚŚĞŵƵĐŬŽƌƉĞĂƚĐĂŶďĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶϮϬĨĞĞƚ ƚŚŝĐŬ͘ ^ŽŝůƐǁŝƚŚůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϭϲŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĂƌĞĐůĂƐƐŝĨŝĞĚĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐŽŝůƐ͘ZĂŝŶďĞƌƌǇƐŽŝůƐ;ϳͿĂƌĞƉŽŽƌůǇ ĚƌĂŝŶĞĚƐĂŶĚǇƐŽŝůƐǁŝƚŚůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϭϲŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘dŝŚŽŶĞƚƐŽŝůƐ;ϮϯͿĂƌĞŵĂƉƉĞĚŝŶĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞ ƐĂŶĚĂŶĚŐƌĂǀĞůŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞǆĐĂǀĂƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞůĞǀĞůŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚĂďůĞ ĂŶĚĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂƚƚŚŝƐ ĞůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞŶŽƚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŝŶǁĞƚůĂŶĚĂƌĞĂƐ;ŵĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƌĞƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚďĞĚƐͿĚŽ ŶŽƚŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƚĂďůĞ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďĞĚƐƵƐĞĂƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚŝǀĞůĂǇĞƌ;ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŽƌĂƌƚŝĨŝĐŝĂůͿƚŽ ƉĞƌĐŚƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌůǇŝŶŐƚƌƵĞǁĂƚĞƌƚĂďůĞ;ŶĚŽĂƋƵĞŶƚƐ͕ϲϱϴͿ͘ ƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŚĂƐ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚŝŶDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐĨŽƌŽǀĞƌϭϬϬǇĞĂƌƐ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚƐĂƌĞ ŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƌĞŵĂŝŶĂůƚĞƌĞĚĨƌŽŵ ƉĂƐƚĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ͘DĂƉƵŶŝƚƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚĂƐ ͞ŝŶĂĐƚŝǀĞ͟ƉŚĂƐĞƐŽĨZĂŝŶďĞƌƌǇ ;ϳϬϭͿ͕ĂŶĚ&ƌĞĞƚŽǁŶĂŶĚ^ǁĂŶƐĞĂƐŽŝůƐ;ϳϬϰͿƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƵĐŚĂƌĞĂƐ͘ Figure 1: The typical layered appearance of the sanded surface of a cranberry bed soil (photo by Jim Turenne) ƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇĞĚ^ŽŝůƐŽĨDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐ 2 | WĂŐĞ ĞĐͲϭϵFigure 2: Diagram of cranberry bed soil map units in Massachusetts occurring in sandy glacial parent materials with a true or apparent water table. ƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇĞĚ^ŽŝůƐŽĨDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐ 3 | WĂŐĞ ĞĐͲϭϵ Common soil map units mapped in cranberry beds in Massachusetts Soil Surveys Map Unit Symbol Map Unit NameBrief DescriptionCommon Resource and Design Concerns 7A ZĂŝŶďĞƌƌǇƐĂŶĚ͕ϬƚŽϯƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ƐůŽƉĞƐ͕ƐĂŶĚĞĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ DŝŶĞƌĂůƐŽŝůĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶƐĂŶĚǇĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐǁŝƚŚůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶ ϭϲŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ x^ĞĂƐŽŶĂů,ŝŐŚ tĂƚĞƌdĂďůĞ 23A dŝŚŽŶĞƚĐŽĂƌƐĞƐĂŶĚ͕ϬƚŽϯ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐůŽƉĞƐ ƌĞĂƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞĨŽƌŵĞƌůǇŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞůǇǁĞůůƚŽ ĞǆĐĞƐƐŝǀĞůǇĚƌĂŝŶĞĚƐŽŝůƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĞǆĐĂǀĂƚĞĚ ƚŽƚŚĞĚĞƉƚŚŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚĂďůĞĨŽƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƐĂŶĚĂŶĚ ŐƌĂǀĞůĂŶĚͬŽƌĨŽƌĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ͘ x^ĞĂƐŽŶĂů,ŝŐŚ tĂƚĞƌdĂďůĞ 55A &ƌĞĞƚŽǁŶĐŽĂƌƐĞƐĂŶĚ͕ϬƚŽϯ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐůŽƉĞƐ͕ƐĂŶĚĞĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ sĞƌǇĚĞĞƉ;хϱϭŝŶĐŚĞƐͿŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŝŶŐŽĨ ŵƵĐŬĂŶĚͬŽƌƉĞĂƚǁŝƚŚϭϬƚŽϮϰŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨƐĂŶĚŽŶ ƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘ x^ƵďƐŝĚĞŶĐĞ xŽŵƉĂĐƚŝŽŶ x>Žǁ^Žŝů^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ x^ĞĂƐŽŶĂů,ŝŐŚ tĂƚĞƌdĂďůĞ 60A ^ǁĂŶƐĞĂĐŽĂƌƐĞƐĂŶĚ͕ϬƚŽϮ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐůŽƉĞƐ͕ƐĂŶĚĞĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ^ŚĂůůŽǁ;ϭϲƚŽϱϭŝŶĐŚĞƐͿŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŝŶŐŽĨ ŵƵĐŬĂŶĚͬŽƌƉĞĂƚǁŝƚŚϭϬƚŽϮϰŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨƐĂŶĚŽŶ ƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘ x^ƵďƐŝĚĞŶĐĞ xŽŵƉĂĐƚŝŽŶ x>Žǁ^Žŝů^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ x^ĞĂƐŽŶĂů,ŝŐŚ tĂƚĞƌdĂďůĞ 658A ŶĚŽĂƋƵĞŶƚƐ͕ϬƚŽϯƉĞƌĐĞŶƚ ƐůŽƉĞƐ͕ƐĂŶĚĞĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ DŝŶĞƌĂůƐŽŝůǁŝƚŚĂŶĂƌƚŝĨŝĐŝĂůůǇƉĞƌĐŚĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƚĂďůĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚŝŶĂŶƵƉůĂŶĚĂƌĞĂ͘ x^ĞĂƐŽŶĂů,ŝŐŚ tĂƚĞƌdĂďůĞ 701A ZĂŝŶďĞƌƌǇĐŽĂƌƐĞƐĂŶĚ͕ϬƚŽϯ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐůŽƉĞƐ͕ƐĂŶĚĞĚ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͕ŝŶĂĐƚŝǀĞ DŝŶĞƌĂůƐŽŝůĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶƐĂŶĚǇĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐǁŝƚŚůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶ ϭϲŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚĂƐĂŶĚĞĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘ WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĨŽƌĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ďƵƚŶŽ ůŽŶŐĞƌŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶΎ͘ x^ĞĂƐŽŶĂů,ŝŐŚ tĂƚĞƌdĂďůĞ 704A &ƌĞĞƚŽǁŶĂŶĚ^ǁĂŶƐĞĂĐŽĂƌƐĞ ƐĂŶĚƐ͕ϬƚŽϯƉĞƌĐĞŶƚƐůŽƉĞƐ͕ ƐĂŶĚĞĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͕ŝŶĂĐƚŝǀĞ KƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝů;хϭϲŝŶĐŚĞƐŽĨƉĞĂƚͿǁŝƚŚϴƚŽϮϰŝŶĐŚĞƐ ŽĨƐĂŶĚŽŶƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĨŽƌ ĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ďƵƚŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶΎ͘ x^ƵďƐŝĚĞŶĐĞ xŽŵƉĂĐƚŝŽŶ x>Žǁ^Žŝů^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ x^ĞĂƐŽŶĂů,ŝŐŚ tĂƚĞƌdĂďůĞ Ύ/ŶĂĐƚŝǀĞĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďĞĚƐŽŝůŵĂƉƵŶŝƚƐǁĞƌĞŐŝǀĞŶƚŚŝƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚŝŽŶĂƚƚŚĞƚŝŵĞŽĨƐŽŝůŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ;ϭϵϵϬͲϮϬϭϬͿĂŶĚŵĂǇŶŽƚ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůĂŶĚƵƐĞ͘ ƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇĞĚ^ŽŝůƐŽĨDĂƐƐĂĐŚƵƐĞƚƚƐ 4 | WĂŐĞ ĞĐͲϭϵ Common resource concerns associated with cranberry bed soils Subsidence: Loss of volume and depth of organic soils due to oxidation caused by above normal microbial activity resulting from excessive water drainage, soil disturbance, or extended drought1. tŚĞŶŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞŝƐĂůƚĞƌĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƐĞ,ŝƐƚŽƐŽůƐ͕ŽǆŝĚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŵĂƚƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐŽŝůĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞ ƐƵďƐŝĚĞŶĐĞ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŝŶĂŶƵŶĞǀĞŶƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͕ĚĞƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ͘ Compaction/Soil Strength: Management-induced soil compaction at any level throughout the soil profile resulting in reduced plant productivity, biological activity, infiltration and aeration1. ,ŝƐƚŽƐŽůƐŚĂǀĞůŽǁƐŽŝůƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͘dŚĞǁĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽƚŚĞďŽŐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞ ĐŽŵƉĂĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŝŶĂĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞŽǀĞƌ ƚŝŵĞĂŶĚƉŽŶĚŝŶŐŝŶƐŽŵĞĐĂƐĞƐ͘ĂƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƚĂŬĞŶǁŚĞŶĂƉƉůǇŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƚŽĂďŽŐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂŶĚǁŚĞŶ ƐŝƚŝŶŐůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶƐĨŽƌĚŝŬĞƐ͘ >ĂĐŬŽĨƐŽŝůƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŝŶƚŚŝĐŬŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐŽŝůƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ&ƌĞĞƚŽǁŶĂŶĚ^ǁĂŶƐĞĂƐŽŝůƐŵĂǇĐĂƵƐĞĨĂŝůƵƌĞŝĨ ĞǆĐĞƐƐǁĞŝŐŚƚŝƐĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐĂŶĚŝŶŐ͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĚŝŬĞƐ͕ŽƌƵƐĞŽĨŚĞĂǀǇ ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƌǇ͘ Seasonal High Water Table: Ground water or a perched water table causing saturated conditions near the surface degrades water resources or restricts capability of land to support its intended use1. ůůĐƌĂŶďĞƌƌǇďŽŐƐŽŝůŵĂƉƵŶŝƚƐŚĂǀĞĂƐĞĂƐŽŶĂůŚŝŐŚǁĂƚĞƌƚĂďůĞĂƚŽƌŶĞĂƌƚŚĞƐŽŝůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘KŶĂŶ 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JUNE 2021 FIGURE 1 AREA OF INVESTIGATION SOIL CLASSIFCATION USING GPR HAMBLIN BOGS 299-71 BOG ROAD MARSTONS MILLS, MASSACHUSETTS LEGEND Survey Boundaries Soil Probing Flags GPR Track COORDINATE SYSTEM MASSACHUSETTS STATE PLANE NAD(83) US SURVEY FEET SCALE: 1 Inch = 100 Feet 100 Feet0100 Prepared for Inter-Fluve, Inc. JUNE 2021 FIGURE 2 TOTAL SAND THICKNESS SOIL CLASSIFCATION USING GPR HAMBLIN BOGS 299-71 BOG ROAD MARSTONS MILLS, MASSACHUSETTS LEGEND Survey Boundaries Soil Probing Flags GPR Track Contour Showing Total Sand Thickness (Feet); Interval = 0.5 Feet 1.5 0.5111 1 1 1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1.51.5 1.51.51.51.51.51.51.5 1.5 1.51.51.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.51.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.51.51.51.5 1.5 1. 5 1.5 1.51.51.51. 51.51.5 1.5 1.51.51.5 1.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.51. 5 1.51.5 1.51.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.51.5 1.51.5 1. 51.51.51. 5 1.51.51.51.5 1.5 1.5 1. 51.51.5 1.51.51.51.5 1.5 1.51.51.5 1. 51.51.51.51. 5 1.51.51.5 1.5 1 . 5 1.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.5 1.5 1.5 1. 5 1.5 1.51.5 1.5 2 2 2 22 2 22 22 2 22222222 22 22 22 2 2 2 2 2222222222 2 22 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 222 22 2 2 2 2222222222222222 22 22 22 2 22222222 2 222 2 222 2222 22 22 2 2222 2 2. 5 2. 5 2.5 2.52.52.5 2. 52.52.52. 5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.52.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2. 5 2.5 2. 5 2. 5 2 . 5 2. 5 2.52.52.52.52.52.52.52.52.52.5 2.5 2.5 2.52.52.52.5 2 . 5 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4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4. 5 4.54.54.534.54.534.54.54.54.54.54.54.54.54.54.54.54.54.555555555555555555555555555 555555555555555 555555554.54.5554.54.5554.54.5554.54.5554.54.5554.54.5554.54.5554.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0TOTAL SAND THICKNESS (FEET) Appendix C - 2019 SMAST Report 1 TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM Cranberry Bog Restoration and Management: Stream Flow and Nutrient Load Determination within the Hamblin Bog System, Town of Barnstable, MA. Preliminary Assessment and Quantification of the Nutrient Loading/Uptake through the Upper Marston s Mills River Bogs in Barnstable Dr. Brian L. Howes, Amber Unruh, M.S. Coastal Systems Program School of Marine Science and Technology -UMD DRAFT FINAL July 15, 2019 Overview: The Three Bays Massachusetts Estuaries Project (MEP) Nitrogen Threshold Report indicated that the Marstons Mills River is one of the main collection points for freshwater and nitrogen (N) discharging from the Marstons Mills River sub-watershed to the headwaters of the Three Bays estuary. The MEP Watershed-Embayment Assessment and Modeling effort for the Three Bays estuary found that this large complex estuarine system is presently impaired by N enrichment from sources within its watershed and that the tidal flushing of bay waters was efficient. Restoration of the impaired estuarine habitat within the Three Bays system therefore will require a reduction in the nitrogen load from the watershed to meet the Mass DEP/USEPA Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) restoration threshold for this estuary. Several potential sites along the Marstons Mills River up-gradient of the Three Bays estuarine system have been identified (e.g. Mill Pond) for restoration to restore natural attenuation of N processes that have been lost through man-made modifications. By restoring natural ecological functions nitrogen attenuation will be enhanced over present, resulting in reduced N transport to the head of the Three Bays estuary. For the present study, the Upper Marstons Mills River cranberry bogs (also called Hamblin Bogs, after the owner John Hamblin) located south of Bog Road and east of River Road are 2 under consideration for restoration in a manner that restores habitat and reduces N-loading to the estuary. In advance of undertaking any restoration projects, the Barnstable Clean Water Coalition (BCWC) partnered with the Coastal Systems Group (CSP) to monitor the water flow and nutrient inputs/outputs throughout the Hamblin Bogs to accurately determine the present sources and sinks of N within the Hamblin Bogs system. Monitoring flow and nutrient levels across the system was to set a baseline for comparison and supported the identification of areas presently exhibiting N attenuation and suggested areas where increased attenuation might be possible with habitat restoration. In its assessment of over 70 estuaries, the MEP analysis found that in general cranberry bogs attenuate approximately 30% of the nitrogen load passing through them. Restoring the cranberry bogs to wetlands or ponds can increase their N retention and lower overall watershed N loading. It appears that the Hamblin Bog system if properly restored has the potential for a significant increase in nitrogen removal that can be used by the Town of Barnstable to offset the need for wastewater infrastructure (sewers), provided that the increase in nitrogen retention can be quantified and scientifically justified to the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP). Critical to understanding the potential for enhanced natural attenuation in restored cranberry bogs is quantifying the uptake and release of nutrients throughout the current bog system. Presently, the Hamblin Bogs are fed by Middle Lake and Muddy Pond and form the headwaters of the Marstons Mill River, which runs through the center of the bog network, and finally discharges to the head of the Three Bays Estuary. Additionally, the Marstons Mills River (not inclusive of the bogs) is a conduit for herring swimming upstream during spawning in Middle Lake and likely to Mystic Lake as well Marstons Mills River is a small 5,000-10,000 per year run through Mill Pond). Currently, a screen in the Marstons Mills River (below the bog system) diverts herring to a fish ladder connecting to an adjacent stream adjoining Middle Lake. If the screen was not in place, the herring would likely run to the bogs where the river connection is restricted by culverts that discharge water from the Hamblin Bogs system, making it impassable for fish. Within the Hamblin Bogs system, there are two small tributary inputs through culverts to Middle Lake and Muddy Pond. Within the bogs is a groundwater fed pond and a bordering vegetated freshwater wetland. In addition, there are three small reservoirs that are used to irrigate the cranberry bogs (Figure 1). These wetlands and freshwater ponds were assessed for nitrogen removal before discharge to the down gradient estuary. The main objective of the present investigation of the Hamblin Bogs was to: a) determine freshwater flow volumes and directions within the Hamblin Bog system, b) conduct frequent open channel flow sampling to determine nutrient concentrations at multiple locations throughout the bog system, c) with the volumetric flow (a) and nutrient concentration data (b) quantify the baseline nutrient input and output N loads from the component bog cells, d) assess the speciation of nutrients throughout the bog system to clarify regions where transformations are occurring and where denitrification may be enhanced, f) provide recommendation for evaluating nitrogen removal by this bog system. Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful for the contributions of multiple individuals and organizations who have generously collaborated to make this preliminary study possible. We would like to acknowledge the support and collaboration of the BCWC, John and Janet Hamblin, Scott Horsely and support from School for Marine Science and Technology (SMAST). We are also grateful for the sampling efforts of Chancery Perks and Betsy White. Their on the ground attention to detail greatly contributed to our understanding of system function. The technical and analytical support that has been freely and graciously provided by Dale Geohringer, Sara Sampieri, Jennifer Benson, and others within the CSP, SMAST, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. 3 Figure 1. Station map, with arrows indicating flow under “normal” conditions (i.e. no harvest or winter floods). Methods 4 Measurements of Stream Flow and Nutrient Concentrations Field data collection was initiated in the summer 2018 and continued into spring 2019. The field effort was focused on weekly measurement of stream velocity for calculation of flow and stream sampling to determine nutrient concentrations. Pairing stream flow (m3/day) with sample nutrient concentration (mg/L) yields mass load of nutrients (kg/day) at each measurement location within the bog system. Stream velocities were measured approximately weekly using a Marsh McBirney electromagnetic flow meter. Water samples were collected in parallel with velocity measurements and analyzed for nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) at the Coastal Systems Analytical Facility. Volumetric discharge (m 3/d) and nutrient concentrations were interpolated between sampling dates to determine the approximate volumetric flow and nutrient concentrations on dates between sampling events. Coupling the flow and nutrient concentrations results in total nutrient load at critical junctures throughout the Upper Marstons Mills River Bogs. A continuously recording stage recorder was not deployed at any of the sites to measure water depths for use in the development of a stage-discharge relation, therefore the analysis of loads throughout the bog system was based on weekly point measurements. For the purposes, of this initial assessment the integrated weekly volumetric flows and nutrient loads collected synoptically throughout the bog system have been considered sufficient for determining significant nitrogen inputs and outputs within the bog system and the degree to which the bog may be currently attenuating overall nitrogen entering and leaving the bog system. Initially, 6 sites were selected for nominal weekly sampling beginning on July 25, 2018. These sites are HB1, HB2, HB3, HB4, HB5, and HB6 (Figure 2). Water samples to determine nutrient concentrations paired with velocity measurements were obtained 38 times to date during this preliminary assessment. On September 12, 2018, the Cookhouse Pond Outfall (named Pond Outfall) was added to the weekly samplings, receiving 31 direct measurements (HB Pond Outfall). An additional two sites were added on October 17, 2018 at HB8 and HB9, receiving 26 direct measurements. Stream velocities at HB1, HB3, HB4, HB6, HB8, HB9, and Pond Outfall were measured in culverts with dimensions ranging from 2ft to 3.4ft in diameter. Stream velocities at HB2 and HB5 were measured using open-channel flow methods in a natural stream channel. Nutrient assays performed on samples collected are summarized in Table 1. It should be noted that cranberry bogs are engineered systems, where water is impeded and stored, released and potentially recycled or lost through frost and summer irrigations. The precise and accurate determination of water movement throughout the system would be enhanced by installation of continuously recording vented calibrated water level gauges, installed at multiple sites to yield the level of water fluctuations throughout the bog channels. Additionally, bog motor run time loggers should be deployed on all pumps used for irrigation and flooding, to determine the amount of water used in irrigation, which is potentially lost to evaporation or can be double counted in the stream measurements. Finally, traditional use of rating curve is not possible at any site except for HB5. Use of traditional rating curves requires a careful logging of weir board adjustments made to hold/release water. Under these circumstances, a multi-phase stage discharge relationship would need to be used. Table 1. Stations where parallel measurements of volumetric flow and nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations were sampled within the Hamblin Bog System at nominal weekly intervals. If there was 5 no flow at a station, then water samples were not collected. For example, HB1 always had flowing water and water samples were collected, but HB2 only had flow water on 29 occasions of 38 sampling events. Field Data Collected Assays Performed Station # Samples #QC Samples Flow Conductivity Dissolved Nutrients TP POC/N CHLA HB1 38 - 38/38 38/38 38/38 38/38 38/38 38/38 HB2 38 - 38/38 29/38 29/38 29/38 29/38 29/38 HB3 38 - 38/38 30/38 30/38 30/38 30/38 30/38 HB4 38 - 38/38 37/38 37/38 37/38 37/38 37/38 HB5 38 - 38/38 38/38 38/38 38/38 38/38 38/38 HB6 38 4 38/38 37/38 37/38 37/38 37/38 37/38 HB8 26 - 26/26 24/26 24/26 24/26 24/26 24/26 HB9 26 - 26/26 25/26 25/26 25/26 25/26 25/26 Pond Outfall 31 - 31/31 29/31 29/31 29/31 29/31 29/31 Totals 311 4 311/311 287/311 287/311 287/311 287/311 287/311 Water samples were field filtered (0.2 μm) for dissolved nutrients into 60-mL acid-washed bottles with parallel whole water samples collected in 1-L acid washed brown HDPE bottles. Water quality samples were analyzed by the Coastal Systems Analytical Facility at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth School for Marine Science and Technology. All samples were stored on ice during transport from the field to the analytical facility and sample processing occurred within 24 hours of sample collection. Water samples were assayed for ammonium (NH4+) by indophenol/hypochlorite method, nitrate + nitrite (NOx- ) by cadmium reduction on QuikChem8000 Lachat auto analyzer and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) by persulfate digestion and total phosphorus (TP) with persulfate oxidation and determination of ortho- phosphate by molybdate/ascorbic acid method. Upon return to the laboratory the whole water sample was processed for particulate organic carbon and nitrogen and chlorophyll and also specific conductivity. Particulate carbon and nitrogen samples were filtered through pre-combusted 25mm Whatman glass fiber filters, dried at 65 ˚C, and combusted in a Perkin Elmer Series II CHN analyzer, while a parallel sample for chlorophyll-a and pheophytin-a was filtered through Millipore membrane filter (0.22 μm) under green light, extracted in 90% acetone, in the dark at -18 ˚C, and extracts analyzed on Turner Designs 10-AU Fluorometer calibrated with certified standards (Sigma Aldrich). Specific conductivity was determined using a calibrated temperature compensated probe with meter. Site Description: The present study area consists of approximately 83 acres of wetland, known as Hamblin Bogs. The bogs and pump houses within this study area, once entirely owned by John Hamblin, were sub-divided into functional components as seen in Figures 1 and 2. Surface water sources entering Hamblin Bogs are comprised of the Marstons Mills River and two small streams from Muddy Pond and Middle Lake. The Marstons Mills River enters the bog system at station HB4 and flows past stations HB6, HB9 and HB1. The Marstons Mills River exits the bog system at station HB5. Along the main stem of the river between its point of entry (HB4) and where it exits (HB5), additional flow enters from several known water sources: 1) springs in the northern bog area (Big Coombs), 2) flood and irrigation water from M&M bogs, and 3) direct groundwater discharges. The small stream from Muddy Pond enters the system at station HB2, flows through LaPointe West Bogs, with most of the water passing through station HB8, entering the swamp, before combining with the main bog channel. The small stream from Middle Lake 6 enters at station HB3, which has a small holding area where water then flows to either the north or south side of Run Bog, before eventually joining with the main bog channel. Results and Discussion Water Flow Analysis: As an active bog system there is always significant water movement through the system as water is transferred around the various bog cells as required for agricultural practices. To effectively maintain the cranberries, water is transferred for frost protection, pesticide applications, summer irrigation, harvest floods (if wet harvest), and winter floods. Therefore, multiple pump houses are installed and used throughout the bog system to meet the requirements for cranberry production. There are 6 key pump houses within the Hamblin Bogs study area. Big Coombs pump house draws water from Reservoir 2 (Res 2) to service the Big Coombs bog area. M&M pump house draws water from Reservoir 1 (Res 1) to service the M&M bogs for irrigation only. The Mystic Lake pump house draws water from Mystic Lake for flooding M&M bogs. Water released from M&M bogs flows into the Hamblin Bogs system through Nursery Bog which eventually flows into Res 1. Winnies pump house draws water from the small reservoir located in the southern area of Winnies Bogs, servicing Winnies bog only. The Joe Keating pump house draws water from the Marstons Mills River on the northern edge of the Swamp to irrigate Lovell’s Cove bog area. From Lovell’s Cove the water flows into the Swamp. LaPointe East pump house draws water from the southernmost area of the Marstons Mills River (above HB5), servicing Run Bog, LaPointe, and Howes bog areas. The pumping of water for irrigation and flooding complicates the determination of water volumes and associated nitrogen and phosphorus loads through the Hamblin Bogs system. As such, to minimize uncertainty, the bog system is sub-divided into four (4) component bog cells based on the sampling locations (Figure 2), allowing for a simpler approach to assessing the water flow and nutrient load transitioning through the system (as opposed to individual bog cells). Surface water, groundwater, and precipitation/evaporation were the three main water sources and sinks considered for calculation of flow and load into and out of each of the 4 boxes. In Box1 (orange line), HB4 captures the surface water entering Box1 and HB9 captures all of the water leaving Box1. Additional water at HB9 compared to HB4 indicates the addition of water from groundwater and a small amount of surface water flow from the M&M bog, and net precipitation (precipitation minus evaporation). In Box2 (yellow line), HB9 captures the surface water entering Box2 and HB1 captures all the water leaving Box2. Additional water at HB1 compared to HB9, indicates the addition of water from groundwater and net precipitation. In Box3 (green line), HB1, 3(S+N), and 8 captures the surface water entering Box3 and HB5 captures all the water leaving Box3. Additional water at HB5 compared to the sum of HB1, 3(S+N), and 8, indicates the addition of water from groundwater and net precipitation. In Box4 (blue line), HB2 captures the surface water entering Box4 and HB8 captures most the water leaving Box4, with some (likely insignificant) water entering from LaPointe bog to Howes bog. Additional water at HB8 compared to HB2, indicates the addition of water from groundwater and net precipitation. Water Quality Analysis: 7 Nutrient samples collected at each site provide information on the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and how they fluctuate throughout the system. The highest total nitrogen (TN) concentrations within Hamblin Bogs is typically found at HB4, with a range of 1.7 to 2.5 mg/L (Figure 3). The TN concentrations along the Marstons Mills River stations (HB4, 6, 9, 1, and 5) decrease as the water flows toward HB5. The TN concentration at HB2, originating from Muddy Pond, is typically below 0.5 mg/L, except during the cranberry harvest months and December, reaching an average TN concentration of 0.8 mg/L. The rise in this small pond coincides with nutrient release from the dense macrophyte community within the pond and may explain the concentration rise in the Muddy Pond outflow. Also, additional monitoring may reveal that decrease in water flow, results in an increase in nutrient concentrations, which would likely be observed during the flooding of the bogs during harvest and in December as seen in other flow managed ponds on Cape Cod. As the water passes from HB2 to HB8 the TN concentration remains nearly the same. Similar to HB2, the TN concentration at HB3, originating from Middle Lake, is quite low ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 mg/L. It is interesting to note that the sites receiving surface water flows from ponds (HB2 and HB3) have the lowest TN concentrations due to nitrogen attenuation during passage through these ponds. The total nitrogen of sites along the main channel of the bog system, upper Marstons Mills River (HB4, 6, 9, 1, and HB5), are typically dominated by dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NH4+ + NOx-), where sites HB4, 6, and HB9 always have greater than 60% DIN. HB1 and HB5 is mostly dominated by DIN except in November and February, where DIN and total organic nitrogen (TON = DON (dissolved) + PON {particulate}) are found in nearly equal amounts. At HB2 and HB3 (N&S), the total nitrogen is dominated by organic nitrogen (DON+PON). This is to be expected for water that derives from ponds and lakes, as the inorganic nitrogen is generally transformed to organic nitrogen by biological processes in the lakes and ponds. Similarly, since most of the water at HB8 comes from HB2, the total nitrogen consists of mostly organic nitrogen, except for October, where there was no flow at HB2 and very low flows at HB8, likely from groundwater inputs, resulting in DIN being the main nitrogen constituent. Sites with high DIN represent areas where enhanced nitrogen removal is likely possible. Phosphorus inputs in freshwater systems are important, as phosphorus is the nutrient of management concern in freshwater ponds and lakes. Assessing the phosphorus concentrations throughout the Hamblin Bogs system reveals that phosphorus concentrations generally increase from HB4 to HB6, likely due to input from the bogs (Figure 4). Phosphorus concentrations then decrease from HB6 to HB9 as water passes through the two reservoirs. From HB9 to HB1 the phosphorus concentrations increase slightly. The pond outfall has concentrations of total phosphorus ranging from 0.03 to 0.10 mg/L, with highest to lowest concentrations occurring in the following order: harvest, winter, September, and spring. Phosphorus concentrations at HB2 are relatively unchanged from 0.02 to 0.03mg/L. As the water continues through the LaPointe bog cells toward HB8, the TP concentration always increases to 0.03 to 0.05 mg/L. HB3 (S&N) has the lowest TP concentrations of all the sites at approximately 0.02 mg/L or lower. 8 Figure 2. Map identifying the four boxes of Hamblin Bogs, which are used to assess nitrogen 9 attenuation within each box. Sampling stations (1-6, 8-9, and Pond Out) shown in blue circles. 10 Figure 3. Total nitrogen concentrations at all stations in the Hamblin Bogs System, in order from upgradient station (HB4) to the most down gradient station (HB5). Total nitrogen concentrations are grouped by season in each of the four panels as follows: summer (upper left), harvest (upper right), winter (lower left), and spring (lower right). 11 Figure 4. Total phosphorus concentrations at all stations in the Hamblin Bogs system, in order from upgradient station (HB4) to the most down gradient station (HB5). Total phosphorus concentrations are grouped by season in each of the 4 panels as follows: summer (upper left), harvest (upper right), winter (lower left), and spring (lower right) and it appears that phosphorus pick-up in bog passage is most pronounced in spring and summer. 12 Nutrient Load Analysis: Nutrient concentrations and flows were paired to understand how the nutrient load (mass of nitrogen and phosphorus) varied from one box to the next as nutrients are taken up or released within the Hamblin Bogs system. To simplify the complexity of this system and better identify the areas of greatest nutrient uptake/release, the system was divided into four functional units/boxes (Figure 2) as previously discussed. Box 1 –HB4, HB6, and HB9, Big Coombs Pump House, M&M bogs For most of the year (summer, harvest, and winter), Box1 receives surface water and nutrient inputs through HB4, with additional inputs from groundwater and direct rainfall/dryfall. At the end of winter flood (start of spring), water from Pond View bog and M&M bog is released, draining into Nursery Bog and then Reservoir 1 (see Figure 2). The virtually all of the water and nutrient output is measured at HB9, with a relatively insignificant amount of water loss through evaporation. Within Box1, water is also “recycled”, meaning that through summer and frost protection irrigations, water in Reservoir 1 and 2 is pumped back up onto the bogs for irrigation. Although not measured directly, it is possible that there is some nutrient uptake through the process of irrigation. Figure 5 shows the surface water input (HB4) and surface water output (HB9), with associated N loads at each site through each month. In general, the total N load and water flow increases between HB4 and HB9. In order to assess the likelihood of nitrogen attenuation within Box1, groundwater (GW) flows and N load are included in the calculation for Box1 total N inputs (Table 2). In Box 1 the groundwater flow inputs can be estimated as the difference between HB9 and HB4 since all major water inputs have been measured directly (i.e., Table 2, Harvest, GW flow is 3014 m3/day), except during at the end of the winter flood when a large amount of water enters from Pond View and M&M bogs. For the purposes of this assessment, the nitrogen concentration of groundwater is estimated by averaging the water samples collected in April at sites HB1, 4, 6, and 9. These samples are most representative of a time of year when there is no flooding on the bogs, no impediment of flow by boards, no irrigation, and cold-water temperatures indicating minimal biological activity. Therefore, under these conditions, the water at these stations most closely represents average groundwater N concentrations. Based upon these measurements, the nitrogen concentration attributed to groundwater inputs is 1.855 mg/L. The sum of all N load in puts (HB4 + GW) minus the sum of N load outputs (HB9) provides an estimate of N attenuation in Box1 (Table 2). In the case of Spring time conditions, the N load cannot be determined due to the unknown amount of stream flow from Nursery Bog into Box1 (Table 2). Figure 5. Monthly water flow and total nitrogen load at stations HB4 (IN) and HB9 (OUT). The input terms are not adjusted for groundwater inflow and load which needs to be done for determining net uptake/release. 13 Table 2. Analysis of flow and load inputs and outputs in Box1. BOX1 Harvest 2018 (Oct. & Nov.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB4 Stream Input 2398 2.9 4.4 GW Input 3014 5.6 5.6 Total Inputs:5412 8.5 10.0 Outputs: HB9 Stream Output -5412 -4.2 -8.4 Total Outputs:-5412 -4.2 -8.4 Box1 Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 51% 16% Total N Attenuation 04.31.6 BOX1 Winter 2018-19 (Dec.-Feb.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB4 Stream Input 4568 6.7 9.1 GW Input 1726 3.2 3.2 Total Inputs:6295 9.9 12.3 Outputs: HB9 Stream Output -6295 -8.3 -11.3 Total Outputs:-6295 -8.3 -11.3 Box1 Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 16% 8% Total N Attenuation 01.61.0 BOX1 Spring 2019 (Mar. & Apr.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB4 Stream Input 5192 10.9 12.6 Nursery Bog Stream Input Unkn Unkn Unkn GW Input --- Total Inputs:--- Outputs: HB9 Stream Output -13091 -24.8 -29.1 Total Outputs:-13091 -24.8 -29.1 Box1 Attenuation of N: % N Removal --- Total N Attenuation --- 14 Box 2 –HB9, HB1, and Winnies Pump House Box 2 receives surface water and nutrient inputs through HB9, with additional water and nutrient inputs from groundwater and direct rainfall/dryfall. The virtually all of the water and nutrient outputs is measured at HB1, with a relatively insignificant amount of water loss through evaporation. Within box two, water is also “recycled”, meaning that through summer and frost protection irrigations, water in the small reservoir above HB1 is pumped back into Winnies bog for irrigation. Although not measured directly, it is possible that there is some nutrient uptake through this irrigation. Figure 6 shows the surface water input (HB9) and surface water output (HB1), with associated N loads at each site through each month. In general, the total N load and water flow increases passing from HB9 to HB1, except for in March. In Box2, GW inputs are assessed similar to Box1, the water inputs between HB9 and HB1 are used to estimate groundwater flow inputs, which is coupled with the average GW nitrogen concentration of 1.855 mg/L to estimate the GW nitrogen load input. The sum of all N load inputs (HB9 + GW) minus the sum of N load outputs (HB1) provides an estimate of N attenuation in Box2 (Table 3). Figure 6. Monthly water flow and total nitrogen load at stations HB9 (IN) and HB1 (OUT). Table 3. Analysis of flow and load inputs in Box2. 15 Box1+Box2 Combined – HB4, HB1, Big Coombs Pump House, Winnies Pump House, and M&M bogs BOX2 Harvest 2018 (Oct. & Nov.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB9 Stream Input 5412 4.2 8.4 GW Input 6228 11.6 11.6 Total Inputs:11640 15.8 19.9 Outputs: HB1 Stream Output -11640 -8.7 -16.0 Total Outputs:-11640 -8.7 -16.0 Box2 Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 45% 20% Total N Attenuation 07.13.9 BOX2 Winter 2018-19 (Dec.-Feb.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB9 Stream Input 6295 8.3 11.3 GW Input 4116 7.6 7.6 Total Inputs:10410 15.9 18.9 Outputs: HB1 Stream Output -10410 -11.0 -16.7 Total Outputs:-10410 -11.0 -16.7 Box2 Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 31% 11% Total N Attenuation 04.92.2 BOX2 Spring 2019 (Mar. & Apr.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB9 Stream Input 13091 24.8 29.1 GW Input 2547 4.7 4.7 Total Inputs:15638 29.5 33.8 Outputs: HB1 Stream Output -15638 -23.5 -27.3 Total Outputs:-15638 -23.5 -27.3 Box2 Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 20% 19% Total N Attenuation 06.06.5 16 Box1 and Box2 combined is defined by the outer of perimeter of Box1 & Box2 (Figure 2). These two boxes are combined to provide information on N attenuation during the summer months, since HB9 was not sampled until October. Box1 & Box2 receives surface water and nutrient inputs through HB4, with additional water and nutrient inputs from groundwater and direct rainfall/dryfall. Virtually all of the water and nutrient outputs are measured at HB1, with a relatively insignificant amount of water loss through evaporation. Within Box1 & Box2 water is also “recycled”, meaning that through summer and frost protection irrigations, water in the small reservoirs near Big Coombs and Winnies Pump Houses is pumped back up onto Big Coombs and Winnies bogs for irrigation, harvest, and winter flood. Although not measured directly, it is possible that there is some nutrient uptake through this irrigation. In Box1 & Box2, GW inputs are assessed in a similar manner as for Box1 and Box2, the water inputs between input (HB4) and output (HB1) are used to estimate groundwater flow inputs. Then applying the derived average GW nitrogen concentration of 1.855 mg/L, the GW nitrogen load input was determined. The sum of all N load inputs (HB4 + GW) minus the sum of N load outputs (HB1) provides an estimate of N attenuation in Box2 (Table 4). Table 4. Analysis of flow and load inputs in Box1 and Box2 combined. Box 3 –HB1, HB8, HB3 (S&N), Lovell’s Cove Pump House, and LaPointe East Pump House BOX1 and BOX2 Combined Summer 2018 (Aug. & Sept.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB4 Stream Input 3932 7.9 9.3 GW Input 7296 13.5 13.5 Total Inputs:11228 21.5 22.8 Outputs: HB1 Stream Output -11228 -16.1 -19.0 Total Outputs:-11228 -16.1 -19.0 Box1 and Box2 Combined Attenuation of N: % N Removal -25%17% Total N Attenuation 05.33.8 17 Box3 receives surface water and nutrient inputs through HB1, 8, and 3, with additional water and nutrient inputs from groundwater and direct rainfall/dryfall. The virtually all of the water and nutrient output is measured at HB5, with an insignificant amount of water loss through evaporation. Within Box3 water is also “recycled”, meaning that through summer and frost protection irrigations, water in the small channel near Lovell’s Cove Pump House is pumped back up onto Lovell’s Cove bogs for irrigation, harvest, and winter flood. Similarly, water in the channel near the LaPointe East Pump House is pumped onto Run Bogs, LaPointe, and Howes bogs. Water irrigated on LaPointe bogs is lost from Box3 into Box4, reentering Box3 through HB8. Although not measured directly, it is possible that there is some nutrient uptake through this irrigation. Figure 7 shows the surface water inputs (HB1, 3N, 3S, and 8) and surface water output (HB5), with associated N loads at each site through each month. In Box3, GW inputs are assessed similar to Box1 and Box2, the water inputs between sources (HB1, 3N, 3S, and HB8) and output (HB5) are used to estimate groundwater flow inputs. Then applying the derived average GW nitrogen concentration of 1.855 mg/L the GW nitrogen load input was determined. The sum of all N load inputs (HB1, 3N, 3S, HB8, + GW) minus the sum of N load outputs (HB5) provides an estimate of N attenuation in Box3 (Table 5). Figure 7. Monthly water flow and total nitrogen load at INPUT stations HB1,3N, 3S, 8 and and OUTPUT at station HB5. 18 Table 5. Analysis of flow and load inputs in Box3. Box 4 –HB2, HB8, and LaPointe Pump House BOX3 Harvest 2018 (Oct. & Nov.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB1 Stream Input 11640 8.7 16.0 HB3N Stream Input 303 0.0 0.1 HB3S Stream Input 2798 0.1 0.9 HB8 Stream Input 945 0.1 0.6 GW Input (288) (0.5) (0.5) Total Inputs:15398 8.3 17.1 Outputs: HB5 Stream Output -15398 -4.9 -13.6 Total Outputs:-15398 -4.9 -13.6 Box3 Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 40% 21% Total N Attenuation 03.33.6 BOX3 Winter 2018-19 (Dec.-Feb.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d) (kg/d) (kg/d) Inputs: HB1 Stream Input 10410 11.0 16.7 HB3N Stream Input 686 0.0 0.2 HB3S Stream Input 3861 0.1 1.4 HB8 Stream Input 3980 0.4 2.1 GW Input 2487 4.6 4.6 Total Inputs:21425 16.1 25.0 Outputs: HB5 Stream Output -21425 -8.6 -18.4 Total Outputs:-21425 -8.6 -18.4 Box3 Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 47% 27% Total N Attenuation 07.56.7 BOX3 Spring 2019 (Mar. & Apr.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB1 Stream Input 15638 23.5 27.3 HB3N Stream Input 1880 0.0 0.6 HB3S Stream Input 7148 0.3 2.3 HB8 Stream Input 3988 0.2 1.8 GW Input 2067 3.8 3.8 Total Inputs:30721 27.8 35.8 Outputs: HB5 Stream Output -30721 -20.5 -31.4 Total Outputs:-30721 -20.5 -31.4 Box3 Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 26% 12% Total N Attenuation 07.34.3 19 Box 4 receives most of the surface water and nutrient inputs through HB2, with three additional water and nutrient inputs: 1) groundwater, 2) direct rainfall/dryfall inputs, 3) irrigation water from Lapointe Pump House for the LaPointe bogs and potentially 4) from Howes bog which has very low and intermittent flow. Virtually all of the water and nutrient output is measured at HB8, with an insignificant amount of water loss through evaporation. Within Box4 water is also “recycled”, meaning that through summer and frost protection irrigations, water in the channel near LaPointe Pump House is pumped back up onto Run Bog, Howes, and LaPointe bogs for irrigation. Although not measured directly, it is possible that there is some nutrient uptake through this irrigation. Figure 8 shows the surface water input (HB2) and surface water output (HB8), with associated N loads at each site through each month, which need to be adjusted for groundwater to accurately calculate attenuation. In general, the total N load and water flow increases between HB2 and HB8. In Box4, GW inputs are assessed in the same manner as the for the other boxes. First, the groundwater flow inputs are estimated as the difference between HB2 and HB8 since the major water inputs have been measured directly (i.e., Table 5, Harvest, GW flow is 466 m3/day). Then applying the box specific derived average GW nitrogen concentration of 0.45 mg/L the GW nitrogen load input was determined. The GW nitrogen concentration is estimated at a time of year when there was no flow from HB2, but water was flowing out at HB8, such that all of the outflowing water was from groundwater discharge to Box4. This GW concentration is different from Box1-3 because it was inferred through assessment of the surrounding watershed of Box4 the outflow measurements and is consistent with this small subwatershed having few contributing N sources. The sum of all N load inputs (HB2 + GW) minus the sum of N load outputs (HB8) provides an estimate of N attenuation in Box4 (Table 6). Figure 8. Monthly water flow and total nitrogen load at stations HB2 (IN) and HB8 (OUT). 20 Table 6. Analysis of flow and load inputs in Box4. BOX4 Harvest 2018 (Oct. & Nov.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB2 Stream Input 479 0.0 0.4 GW Input 466 0.2 0.2 Total Inputs:945 0.2 0.6 Outputs: HB8 Stream Output -945 -0.1 -0.6 Total Outputs:-945 -0.1 -0.6 Box4 Attenuation of N: % N Removal -68%-6% Total N Attenuation 00.20.0 BOX4 Winter 2018-19 (Dec.-Feb.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB2 Stream Input 1026 0.1 0.5 GW Input 2954 1.3 1.3 Total Inputs:3980 1.4 1.8 Outputs: HB8 Stream Output -3980 -0.4 -2.1 Total Outputs:-3980 -0.4 -2.1 Box4 Attenuation of N: % N Removal -70%-13% Total N Attenuation 01.0-0.2 BOX4 Spring 2019 (Mar. & Apr.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB2 Stream Input 2428 0.0 1.1 GW Input 1560 0.7 0.7 Total Inputs:3988 0.7 1.8 Outputs: HB8 Stream Output -3988 -0.2 -1.8 Total Outputs:-3988 -0.2 -1.8 Box4 Attenuation of N: % N Removal -79%-1% Total N Attenuation 00.60.0 21 Box3 and Box4 Combined – HB1, HB2, HB3S, HB3N, Lovell’s Cove Pump House, and LaPointe Pump House Box3 and Box4 combined is defined by the outer of perimeter of Box3 & Box4 (Figure 2). These two boxes are combined to provide information on N attenuation during only the summer months, since HB8 was not sampled until October. Box3 & Box4 receive surface water and nutrient inputs through HB1, HB2, HB3N, and HB3S, with additional water and nutrient inputs from groundwater and direct rainfall/dryfall. Virtually all of the water and nutrient outputs is measured at HB5, with an insignificant amount of water loss through evaporation. Within Box3 & Box4 water is also “recycled”, meaning that through summer and frost protection irrigations, water in the small reservoirs near Lovell’s Cove and LaPointe Pump Houses is pumped back up onto Lovell’s Cove, LaPointe, Run Bog, and Howes bogs for irrigation, harvest, and winter flood. Although not measured directly, it is likely that there is some nutrient uptake through this irrigation. In Box3 & Box4, GW inputs are assessed similar to the individual assessment for Box3 and Box4, the difference in water inputs (HB1, HB2, HB3S, HB3N) and the output (HB5) are used to estimate groundwater flow inputs. Then applying the derived average GW nitrogen concentration of 1.855 mg/L the GW nitrogen load input was determined. The sum of all N load inputs (HB1, HB2, HB3N, HB3S + GW) minus the sum of N load outputs (HB5) provides an estimate of N attenuation (Table 7). Table 7. Analysis of flow and load inputs in Box3 and Box4 combined. Entire Hamblin Bogs System – HB2, HB3N, HB3N, HB4, and HB5 By assessing the inputs and outputs of the Hamblin Bogs system as a whole, the nitrogen attenuation of the entire system can be determined. This also helps confirm N attenuation of calculated for individual boxes. For instance, the sum of Harvest attenuation in Box1-4, should be nearly equal to the N attenuation of the entire Hamblin Bogs system. The Hamblin Bogs system receives surface water and nutrient inputs through HB2, HB3N, HB3S, and HB4 with additional water and nutrient inputs from groundwater and direct BOX3 and BOX4 Combined Summer 2018 (Aug. & Sept.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB1 Stream Input 11228 16.1 19.0 HB3N Stream Input 57 0.0 0.0 HB3S Stream Input 1242 0.0 0.2 HB2 Stream Input 278 0.0 0.1 GW Input 766 1.4 1.4 Total Inputs:13571 17.6 20.8 Outputs: HB5 Stream Output -13571 -12.3 -17.0 Total Outputs:-13571 -12.3 -17.0 Box3 and BOX4 Combined Attenuation of N: % N Removal -30%18% Total N Attenuation 05.33.8 22 rainfall/dryfall. Virtually all the water and nutrient outputs is measured at HB5, with an insignificant amount of water loss through evaporation. Within the Hamblin Bogs, water is also “recycled”, meaning that through summer and frost protection irrigations, water in the small reservoirs near all pump houses is pumped back up onto the respective bogs for irrigation, harvest, and winter flood. Although not measured directly, it is likely that there is some nutrient uptake through this irrigation. For the Hamblin Bogs system, GW inputs are assessed as the difference in water inputs (HB2, HB3S, HB3N, HB4) and the output (HB5) are used to estimate groundwater flow inputs. Then applying the derived average GW nitrogen concentration of 1.855 mg/L the GW nitrogen load input was determined. The sum of all N load inputs (HB2, HB3N, HB3S, HB4 + GW) minus the sum of N load outputs (HB5) provides an estimate of N attenuation (Table 8). In the case of Spring time conditions, the N load cannot be determined due to the unknown amount of stream flow from Nursery Bog into the system (Table 8). Table 8. Analysis of flow and load inputs in the entire Hamblin Bogs. Entire Hamblin Bogs Summer 2018 (Aug. & Sept.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB2 Stream Input 278 0.0 0.1 HB3N Stream Input 57 0.0 0.0 HB3S Stream Input 1242 0.0 0.2 HB4 Stream Input 3932 7.9 9.3 GW Input 8062 15.0 15.0 Total Inputs:13571 22.9 24.6 Outputs: HB5 Stream Output -13571 -12.3 -17.0 Total Outputs:-13571 -12.3 -17.0 H. Bogs Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 46% 31% Total N Attenuation 010.67.6 Entire Hamblin Bogs Harvest 2018 (Oct. & Nov.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB2 Stream Input 479 0.0 0.4 HB3N Stream Input 303 0.0 0.1 HB3S Stream Input 2798 0.1 0.9 HB4 Stream Input 2398 2.9 4.4 GW Input 9420 16.8 16.8 Total Inputs:15398 19.8 22.6 Outputs: HB5 Stream Output -15398 -4.9 -13.6 Total Outputs:-15398 -4.9 -13.6 H. Bogs Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 75% 40% Total N Attenuation 014.99.0 23 The N attenuation throughout the Hamblin Bogs system can be standardized by the total acreage. In Table 9, the N attenuation over each season is summarized to allow comparison of the standardized N attenuation by the functional units/boxes. With changing amounts of N attenuation over the seasons, the N attenuated per acre also varies significantly. Table 9 also reveals that assessing the Hamblin Bogs into four boxes is fairly congruent with the N attenuation of the entire Hamblin Bogs (i.e. Summer Box1+2+3+4 and Entire Hamblin Bogs have matching attenuation of 7.6 kg. However, there is some error (less than 5%), which is seen in the Winter comparison of Box1+2+3+4 vs Entire Hamblin Bogs were N attenuation is 9.6 vs 10.0 kg/d. Interestingly, the entire Hamblin Bogs appears to be consistently attenuating N from August to April with 0.09 to 0.12 kg N/ac/d attenuated. Additionally, Box 2 and 3 appear to have the highest N attenuation per acre. The analysis of surface water flows within the Hamblin Bogs would be greatly improved through Entire Hamblin Bogs Winter 2018-19 (Dec.-Feb.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB2 Stream Input 1026 0.1 0.5 HB3N Stream Input 686 0.0 0.2 HB3S Stream Input 3861 0.1 1.4 HB4 Stream Input 4568 6.7 9.1 GW Input 11283 17.2 17.2 Total Inputs:21425 24.1 28.4 Outputs: HB5 Stream Output -21425 -8.6 -18.4 Total Outputs:-21425 -8.6 -18.4 H. Bogs Attenuation of N: % N Removal - 64% 35% Total N Attenuation 015.510.0 Entire Hamblin Bogs Spring 2019 (Mar. & Apr.)Flow NOx TN (m3/d)(kg/d)(kg/d) Inputs: HB2 Stream Input 2428 0.0 1.1 HB3N Stream Input 1880 0.0 0.6 HB3S Stream Input 7148 0.3 2.3 HB4 Stream Input 5192 10.9 12.6 Nursery Bog Stream Input Unk Unk Unk GW Input --- Total Inputs:--- Outputs: HB5 Stream Output -30721 -20.5 -31.4 Total Outputs:-30721 -20.5 -31.4 H. Bogs Attenuation of N: % N Removal --- Total N Attenuation --- 24 tracking of weir board adjustments and installation of continuously recording vented calibrated water level gauges to yield the level of water fluctuations throughout the bog channels. Table 9. Summary table of nitrogen attenuation in each box and the entire Hamblin Bogs system. Nitrogen attenuation is standardized by area. Conclusions of Hamblin Bogs Stream Flow Assessment: Synthesis of the data collected during this 9-month preliminary assessment of the Hamblin Bogs system, while not yet an annual sampling, did capture late summer, fall (harvest), winter, and spring conditions for water flow and nitrogen loading. This preliminary synthesis was performed to allow decisions as to revisions to protocols and how to continue. While incomplete, the data to date does support some clear conclusions: 1. During summer, harvest and winter, Box 1 receives surface water and nutrient inputs through HB4 with some additional groundwater discharge. However at the end of winter flood (start of spring), water from the Pond View and M&M bogs is released and is accounted for in the outflow (HB9), but was not measured directly. Therefore, attenuation during the flood release period cannot be determined as the inflow N load is only partially accounted for. However, it is clear that Box1 does have significant N attenuation during the other three periods, specifically in the harvest and winter months at 1.6 and 1.0 kg N day-1, respectively. The highest load entering the Hamblin Bogs system at HB4 was measured during the spring flow conditions (12.6 kg N day-1), and the inputs from Pond View and M&M bogs is reflected in the output from Box 1 during flood release at HB9 (29.1 kg N day-1) As monitoring continues it will be important to capture the flood release flows and nutrient inputs from Pond View and M&M bogs to determine their individual input loads and determine if there is any N attenuation during this period. Note it is possible that attenuation during this brief high flow interval may be very low due to the limited contact time with the sediments. 2. In Box2, containing Winnies bogs and a small reservoir at the southern end of the box, shows significant N attenuation during harvest, winter, and spring seasons. Under high spring time flow conditions the bogs/small reservoir was attenuating nitrogen at approximately 19% N removal (6.5 kg N day-1). While this data is real, it appears to be confounded because generally high flow conditions result in less attenuation. The critical determination of summer attenuation cannot be made at this point as the necessary data is not available. Continuation of monitoring through December 2019 (minmum) will provide this assessment and fill out the annual cycle.. Also, as data collection continues it will be interesting to see howsummer attenuation compares to the spring time conditions and if spring time N attenuation in 2020 spring season is similar to 2019 allowing some generalization of results. 3. Box3, receives multiple water and nutrient inputs, with two pump houses that move water around Box3 Location Surface Area (ac) N Atten. (kg/d) Standardized N Atten. (kg/ac/d) N Atten. (kg/d) Standardized N Atten. (kg/ac/d) N Atten. (kg/d) Standardized N Atten. (kg/ac/d) N Atten. (kg/d) Standardized N Atten. (kg/ac) BOX1 24 1.6 0.07 1.0 0.04 Unk Unk BOX2 12.8 3.9 0.31 2.2 0.17 6.5 0.51 BOX3 36.2 3.6 0.10 6.7 0.18 4.3 0.12 BOX4 10.2 0.0 0.00 -0.2 -0.02 0.0 0.00 BOX1+2+3+4 83.2 7.6 0.09 9.0 0.11 9.6 0.12 - - Entire Hamblin Bogs 83.2 7.6 0.09 9.0 0.11 10.0 0.12 Unk Unk Winter (Dec.-Feb.)Spring (Mar.&Apr.) 3.8 3.8 0.10 0.08 Summer (Aug.&Sept.)Harvest (Oct.&Nov.) 25 for irrigation, and pumping some water to Box4 for frost protection and summer irrigation. Box3 shows most attenuation during the harvest and winter flood periods, attenuating 21% (3.6 kg N day-1) and 27% (6.7 kg N day-1), respectively. Whereas N attenuation is only 12% during high spring time flow conditions removing 4.3 kg N day-1. In the future, it will be important to closely observe flows that might be going from Box3 into Box4 via Howes bogs to LaPointe bogs culvert during flooded conditions. Additionally, it will be important to gather summertime measurements of irrigation water volume/nutrient concentrations from LaPointe East pumphouse onto LaPointe Bogs, resulting in a loss of water/nutrients from Box3 and an input of water/nutrients to Box4. Refining these flows and loads will increase the accuracy of N attenuation during the critical summer period. 4. Box3, also contains the Swamp. Water passing through the Swamp has a greater potential for nutrient removal than water within the main channel. Water flows routed through the Swamp could result in potentially larger N attenuation in Box3. This could be determined by allowing water to flow through the culvert that exists between the main channel and Swamp, but is currently boarded to prevent flow. 5. Box4 has low volumetric inflow and outflow. Additionally, the nutrient concentrations in inflowing water to this box are lower than most other sites in the Hamblin Bogs system, likely due to nutrient attenuation occurring within Muddy Pond before water enters Hamblin Bogs. Groundwater nitrogen concentration within the box is also likely much lower due to a small relatively undeveloped surrounding subwatershed. Box4 shows no N attenuation -0.2 (releasing N) to 0.0 kg N day-1 removed during harvest, winter and spring time conditions. As summer data becomes available the assessment of N attenuation in summer will be made. 6. There are high concentrations of NOx- entering Hamblin Bogs at station HB4. Also, all stations down gradient, located along the main flow path (Marstons Mills River) have high nitrate concentrations (HB9, HB1, HB5). During the harvest and flood periods NOx- declines more than TN, likely because when the bogs are flooded, NOx- is being denitrified and converted to organic N forms. Denitrification may be enhanced during flooding to the extent that sediment oxygen levels can be reduced. 7. With high NOx- there is high potential for denitrification in the reservoirs and in Cookhouse Pond, which have high residence times compared to the bog channels. N removal within the Hamblin Bogs might be enhanced by allowing water flow through the existing culvert from Winnies Bogs into Cookhouse Pond and flowing out through Pond Outfall, rather than flowing through HB1. 8. It is clear that cells within the Hamblin Bog System are not fully removing the nitrate in water passing through them. This may result from the low level of organic enrichment of some of the channel bottoms or the low contact time at periods of high flow. However, managing or restoring the bogs to improve habitat can also enhance nitrogen removal with the proper design. Recommendations for Continued Monitoring: There is potential for a significant increase in nitrogen removal throughout the Hamblin Bogs system. Under this preliminary study there is notable N uptake. Therefore, moving forward monitoring should continue with significant improvements to the data collection within this system to more accurately quantify this N uptake, which can potentially be used by the Town of Barnstable to offset the need for wastewater infrastructure (sewers), provided that the increase in nitrogen retention can be quantified and scientifically justified to Mass DEP. The following recommendations are recommended for more accurate determination 26 of baseline flows and N uptake within Hamblin Bogs that should be performed prior to any significant changes within the Hamblin Bogs system, that would likely increase N attenuation: 1. It is critical to continue the monitoring to a full annual cycle and preferably enough to capture 2 of the critical summer seasons (only 9 months to date). 2. Stage records should be collected at key input and output locations to increase the accuracy of the flow/load determinations. In this preliminary assessment, a continuously recording stage record was not implemented at any of the sites. The stage data allows for daily determinations of surface water flow, including periodic rainfall driven flows. 3. Bog motor run time loggers/logging and sprinkler head flow determination. Irrigation flows are important to determine the rerouting of flow/load within the system and transfer to other bog units. The pumped flows act as recycled water (in the water budget) but might result in additional uptake of nitrogen as found in other systems. In boxes where pump houses and reservoirs only service bogs within the respective box, then determination of this water is less important because N uptake can still be determine by looking at the box inputs (surface and groundwater inputs) versus surface water outputs. However, for boxes like Box3 and Box4, where a pump house in Box3 is inputting water to Box4, tracking of this water is important. This is a similar situation in Box1 where M&M Pumphouse likely results in a significant loss of water to M&M bogs, and the “return” of this irrigation water off M&M bogs through Nursery Bog is currently believed to only occur after winter flood. 4. Remove HB6 sampling location. This sampling location was not used in the analysis of N uptake in Box1 because this station is affected by the use of water for irrigation by the Big Coombs pump house. Sites like HB6 are unreliable because any increase in flow from HB4 to HB6 isn’t necessarily from GW inputs, and while we can quantify water pumped through sprinkler heads, we cannot identify how much of that water runs off of the bog and back into the channel. In comparison sites like HB9 are ideal because flows through this station are purely a result of the inputs (HB4 and GW) to Box1. 5. Addition of sampling locations in Box1. A stage recorder and nutrient sampling should be implemented to measure water flowing from Nursery Bog to Reservoir1 to quantify these water and nutrient inputs, which are most significant after the release of winter flood. Samples and flows should be collected here when significant amounts of water is flowing. 6. Addition of sampling locations in Box3/Box4. The culvert connection between Howes and LaPointe bogs should be watched for any significant flows, that potentially flow either direction, depending on board height. Samples and flows should be collected here when significant amounts of water is flowing.