HomeMy WebLinkAboutBarrett_Complete Resto Packet_2026-07-07_SUB
July 7th, 2026
Barnstable Conservation Commission
230 South Street
Hyannis, MA 02601
Re: Enforcement Order Restoration Plan
Project Location: 52 Caillouet Lane, Osterville
Dear Barnstable Conservation commissioners and staff,
Please find enclosed a Restoration Plan being submitted on behalf of our clients, Arthur and Ann
Barrett, to resolve an Enforcement Order issued for their property at 52 Caillouet Lane in Osterville,
MA.
We thank you for your consideration in this matter. Please advise if you should require any additional
information or materials. Physical copies of this request will be supplied to your office shortly.
Best regards,
Stephanie Greaves, Permit Coordinator
Crawford Land Management
ENFORCEMENT ORDER RESTORATION
PHRAGMITES TO
BE TREATED AND
REMOVED
SITEWIDE. AREAS
IN ORANGE
INDICATE
ESTIMATED
DENSE
POPULATIONS
MARSH AREA
RESTORATION
MEADOW AREA
RESTORATION
12"
10"
7"
8"
8"
8"
8"
6"
39"
16"
14"
24"
30"
12"
16"
6"
AR
AR
QR
QR
IO
IO
IO
IO
IO
NS
IO
IO
QR
NS
NS
IO
AR
QR
IG
IG
IG
IG IG VD
VD
CA
CA
CA
AM
CP
CP
RV
150 NATIVE PERENNIALS & GRASSES
(1 GALLON CONTAINERS) @ 24"
O.C. (AVERAGE) SPACING
AM
IF
RV
RV
CP
AM AM
(12) IG Ilex glabra (Inkberry)
VDVD
(8) IO Ilex opaca (American Holly)
(24) Viburnum dentatum
(Arrowwood Viburnum)
CA
ENFORCEMENT ORDER RESTORATION
PROPERTY LINE
PROPERTY LINE
PROPER
T
Y
L
I
N
E
POOL
#52 2 STY
W/F DWELLING
EXISTING LAWN
TO REMAIN
MEADOW RESTORATION AREA:
SEED WITH MEADOW
RESTORATION SEED MIX AND
SUPPLEMENT WITH PERENNIALS
(SEE PLANT LIST)
ESTIMATED AREA OF
DENSE PHRAGMITES
TO BE REMOVED
100' BUFFER50' BUFFEREXTENT OF CONSERVATION JURISDICTIONSTATE BANKX (MIN. FLOOD HAZARD) FEMA ZONE VE ELEV 16
POOL FENCE
PROPOSED STONE BOUNDARY MARKERS
AT EDGE OF LAWN (TYPICAL)
(4) QR Quercus (Oak)
(3) NS Nyssa sylvatica (Tupelo)
(3) AR Acer rubrum (Red Maple)
(19) RV Rosa virginiana (Virginia rose)
(18) CP Comptonia peregrina (Sweet Fern)
Along edges of the path
(12) CA Clethra alnifolia
(Summersweet)
(6) AM Aronia melanocarpa
(Black Chokeberry)
EXISTING LAWN
PATH TO REMAIN
30"
PATIO
PATIO
RETAINING WALL
(6) AM Aronia melanocarpa
(Black Chokeberry)
Supplement edge of wetland with 11 native
shrubs, i.e. Baccharis halimifolia (High Tide
Bush); Iva frutescens (Marsh Elder), Myrica
pensylvanica (Bayberry), Ilex verticillata
(Winterberry)
(9) IF Iva frutescens (Marsh Elder)
IF
IF
(12) CA Clethra alnifolia
(Summersweet)
(9) AM Aronia melanocarpa
(Black Chokeberry)
MARSH RESTORATION
AREA
AM
AM
CBRS AREA ESTABLISHED
11/16/1990
SCALE:
DATE:
All rights reserved. The drawings, designs, and
ideas embodied therein are property of
CLM/JS and shall not be copied, reproduced,
or disclosed in connection with any work other
than the project for which they have been
prepared, in whole or part, without prior
written authorization of CLM/JS.NO:DATE:REVISION:BY:88 Route 6A, Suite 2B | Sandwich, MA 02563
www.crawfordlm.com | 508.477.1346
www.jenickstudio.com | 508.477.1346
52 CAILLOUET LANEBARRETT RESIDENCE7/7/2026
AS NOTED
1 OF 1 RESTORATION PLANOSTERVILLE, MA (BARNSTABLE)ENGINEER/SURVEYOR
NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
(ISSUED FOR CONSERVATION
PERMITTING)
Sullivan Engineering
& Consulting, Inc.
711 Main St
Osterville, MA 02655
508.428.3344
sullivanengin.com
CLM WILL NOT PROVIDE
OVERSIGHT OR CERTIFICATION
FOR ANY WORK COMPLETED
BY OTHERS, NOR DOES CLM
TAKE ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR
WORK COMPLETED BY OTHERS.
SITE OVERVIEW - PROPOSED RESTORATION AREA LOCATIONS
1" = 50'-0"1
RESTORATION PLANTING PLAN
1" = 10'-0"2
10 5 0 10 30
PROPOSED RESTORATION PLANT LIST
ALL SPECIES LISTED ARE STRAIGHT SPECIES UNLESS CULTIVARS ARE SPECIFIED. DO NOT SUBSTITUTE SPECIES OR USE CULTIVARS WITHOUT APPROVAL FROM RESTORATION DESIGNER
AND CONSERVATION AGENT. SIMILAR SPECIES OR CULTIVARS ARE NOT CONSIDERED "EQUAL" AS THEY MAY PRESENT DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIRE DIFFERENT SITE AND
GROWING CONDITIONS.
ENFORCEMENT ORDER AREA
TREES (18 Total)
SYM SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME QTY MIN. SIZE SUGGESTED
SPACING
AR Acer rubrum Red Maple 3 2 1
2-3" cal See plan
IO Ilex opaca American Holly 8 8-10' ht See plan
NS Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo 3 2 1
2-3" cal See plan
QR Quercus species Oak 4 2 1
2-3" cal See plan
WOODY SHRUBS (118 Total)
AM Aronia melanocarpa Black Chokeberry 21 #7 3-4' OC
CA Clethra alnifolia Summersweet 24 #7 3-4' OC
IG Ilex glabra Inkberry 12 #5 5-6' OC
VD Viburnum dentatum Arrowwood Viburnum 24 #5 5-6' OC
CP Comptonia peregrina Sweetfern 18 #3 3-4' OC
RV Rosa virginiana Virginia Rose 19 #3 3-4' OC
SUPPLEMENTAL WILDFLOWERS & GRASSES
Achillea millefolium (Common Yarrow), Asclepias
tuberosa (Orange Butterfly Weed), Eupatorium
hyssopifolium (Hyssop Leaved Boneset), Eurybia
divaricata (White Wood Aster), Fragaria virginiana
(Wild Strawberry), Monarda fistulosa (Wild
Bergamot), Packera obovata / aurea (Golden
Groundsel), Pycnanthemum species (Mountain
Mint), Solidago caesia / flexicaulus (Goldenrod
species), Symphyotrichum cordifolium (Heart
Leaved Aster)
Deschampsia cespitosa (Tufted Hairgrass),
Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem), Carex
woodii / amphibola / vulpinoidea (Sedges)
150 #1
18-36" O.C.
Fill
WIldflower
Area Shown
On Plan
MARSH & MEADOW RESTORATION AREAS
SUPPLEMENTAL SHRUBS (AT WETLAND EDGES). Shrubs to be selected from the species
below, based on availability at the time of planting.
Iva frutescens, Baccharis halimifolia, Ilex
verticillata, or Myrica pensylvanica 20 #3 As needed
SUPPLEMENTAL WILDFLOWERS & GRASSES Perennials to be selected from the species
below, based on availability at the time of planting.
Achillea millefolium (Common Yarrow), Asclepias
incarnata (Swamp Milkweed), Asclepias tuberosa
(Orange Butterfly Weed), Asclepias syriaca
(Common Milkweed), Eupatorium perfoliatum
(Common Boneset), Eutrochium purpureum (Joe
Pye Weed), Hibiscus moscheutos (Marsh Mallow);
Lupinus perennis (Perennial Lupine), Monarda
fistulosa (Wild Bergamot), Penstemon pallidus
(Beardtongue), Physostegia virginiana (Obedient
Plant), Pycnanthemum species (Mountain Mint),
Solidago sempervirens/nemoralis/odorata
Goldenrod), Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (New
England Aster), Symphyotrichum oolentangiense
(Sky Blue Aster) Verbena hastata, Schizachyrium
scoparium (Little Bluestem), Panicum virgatum
(Switchgrass), Juncus effusus (Soft Rush), Juncus
tenuis (Path Rush)
250 #1
18-36" O.C.
In drifts
throughout
seeded
meadow
area
UNPERMITTED TREE REMOVALS
TREE STUMPS OBSERVED
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME QTY DIA.
Species unknown / Unrecorded 2 6"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 1 7"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 4 8"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 1 10"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 2 12"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 1 14"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 2 16"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 1 24"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 2 30"
Species unknown / Unrecorded 1 39"
Total Observed 17 254
STUMP SPROUTS OBSERVED
Acer species, Ilex opaca (American Holly) Prunus
serotina (Black Cherry), Quercus species (Oak)±7 N/A
RESTORATION SEED MIXES
(Species to be selected from the lists below. Final composition of
mix to be determined based on availability of seed stock at the
time of planting):
AT ENFORCEMENT ORDER AREA: Carex albicans (White Tinged
Sedge), Carex brevior (Plains Oval Sedge), Deschampsia cespitosa
(Tufted Hairgrass), Danthonia spicata (Poverty Oat Grass),
Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem), Sporobolus cryptandrus
(Sand Dropseed)
AT MEADOW AREA: Bouteloua curtipendula (Sideoats grama),
Carex brevior (Plains Oval Sedge), Danthonia spicata (Poverty Oat
Grass), Eragrostis spectabilis (Purple Lovegrass), Juncus tenuis (Path
Rush), Panicum virgatum (Switchgrass), Schizachyrium scoparium
(Little Bluestem), Sporobolus heterolepis (Prairie Dropseed)
Sporobolus cryptandrus (Sand Dropseed)
ENFORCEMENT ORDER
RESTORATION AREA: TREAT &
REMOVE INVASIVE SPECIES AND
RE-PLANT WITH NATIVE PLANTINGS
AS SHOWN ON THE PLANTING PLAN
APPROX. LOCATION OF
EXISTING TREE (NOT SURVEYED)
APPROX. LOCATION OF EXIST.
TREE STUMP (NOT SURVEYED)
50 25 0 50 150
ESTIMATED AREAS OF DENSE
PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS
(COMMON REED) TO BE
TREATED AND REMOVED
WETLAND / MARSH RESTORATION:
REMOVE SPORADIC OCCURENCES
OF INVASIVE SPECIES. ALL EXISTING
NATIVE PLANTINGS TO REMAIN.
MEADOW AREA RESTORATION:
REMOVE INVASIVE SPECIES &
RE-SEED WITH NATIVE MEADOW
MIX. SUPPLEMENT WITH NATIVE
PLANTINGS. SEE PLANT LIST.
LANDSCAPE LEGEND
PROPOSED EDGE PLANTING OF
HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL &
GRASSES WITHIN ENFORCEMENT
ORDER AREA. (SEE PLANT LIST)
MITIGATION / RESTORATION PLANTING NOTES:
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION:
Install a temporary, above-ground irrigation system to provide supplemental water to woody plantings
for 2-3 growing seasons or until plants are fully established. Coordinate installation with supervision and
advisement of conservation agent.
INITIAL INVASIVE MANAGEMENT:
·Treat and remove all approved vegetation using an appropriate herbicide (Glyphosate-based or
Triclopyr-based) using a cut and wipe method.
·Vegetation to be flush cut and treated leaving the roots in place to maintain soil stability.
·Seed any exposed soils within the mitigation / restoration area with the specified seed mixes to
establish a native vegetative groundcover.
·Rejuvenate any native shrub species uncovered in the restoration area with regenerative pruning
techniques to encourage new, dense growth. If the structure of the specimen is compromised
due to repetitive improper cutting techniques, the specimens will be flush cut and managed as a
stump sprout.
PLANT INSTALLATION:
·Plantings to be installed after invasive vegetation has achieved a minimum of approximately 80%
eradication.
·Plantings to be installed in the spring or fall unless supplemental irrigation is installed immediately
after planting.
·Existing and proposed plant locations are approximate. New plant locations may be slightly
adjusted in the field to accommodate existing, healthy native vegetation.
·Mulch will not be used in the restoration / mitigation areas unless otherwise specified and
approved, and only for initial establishment of plantings.
MAINTENANCE (3 SEASONS MIN.):
·Monitor restoration area and perform maintenance cut and wipe treatments, selective foliar
applications, or hand weed invasive, non-native, and aggressive species that have germinated
from existing seed bank, or re-sprouted from roots after removal.
·Mow/cut seeded areas in early spring and/or in June to help establish warm season grasses, if
necessary.
·Site will be monitored and maintained throughout the year for both cool season and warm
season invasive, non-native, and aggressive species.
APPLICATOR & OVERSIGHT REQUIREMENTS:
·All machine work will be completed by an insured operator with the appropriate hoisting and
hydraulics licenses.
·Herbicide application will only be completed by Massachusetts state-licensed and -insured
pesticide applicators knowledgable with invasive, non-native, and native plant identification,
both in-leaf and bare-twig.
·Any tree work will be completed and/or overseen by an ISA or MA Certified Arborist.
·All restoration work will be overseen by a Certified Ecological Restoration Practitioner (CERP).
·Contractor should be able to provide a proven track record of successful stabilization and
restoration projects in New England.
Plan prepared under direct
supervision of:
NICK CRAWFORD (CRAWFORD
LAND MANAGEMENT)
(CERP #0385, EXP. 6/1/2030).
SEE INVASIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN AND NARRATIVE
BY CRAWFORD LAND MANAGEMENT FOR
PHRAGMITES TREATEMENT PROTOCOL
SEE INVASIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN AND NARRATIVE BY CRAWFORD LAND MANAGEMENT FOR ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL
Invasive Management
Plan and Narrative
88 Route 6A, Suite 2B
Sandwich MA
508.477.1346
info@crawfordlm.com
WWW.CRAWFORDLM.COM
PREPARED FOR
Barrett Residence
52 Caillouet Lane
Osterville, MA 02655
DATE
July 7, 2026
Enforcement Order Response Plan
2
PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION
The proposed project is located at 52 Caillouet Lane in Osterville, MA, adjacent to East Bay. Resource areas
include a salt marsh with associated buffers, as well as flood zones: X (Min. Flood Hazard) FEMA Zone VE
Elevation 16, and FEMA Zone AE Elevation 12. There is also a small (fragment) state bank within the outer
Buffer zone to the marsh. This Invasive Management Plan and accompanying Restoration Plan was created
as a response to an Enforcement Order issued on April 3, 2026 by the Barnstable Conservation Commission
for unpermitted alteration of wetland resource areas including flood zone and marsh, and a buffer to a
wetland resource area - marsh - by cutting vegetation and trees.
The proposed restoration strategy by Crawford Land Management includes 3 different types of restoration
areas. The Enforcement Area (Tree Restoration) addresses the area where approximately (17) trees of varying
sizes were cut, in addition to understory vegetation. The Meadow Restoration addresses previously existing
meadow that has been recently mowed. The Phragmites Treatment area addresses the salt marsh, parts
of which are heavily invaded with Phragmites australis (Common Reed). The general locations of these
proposed restoration areas are outlined on the aerial photograph below and also on the Restoration Plan
dated 7/7/2026 by Crawford Land Management.
PROPOSED RESTORATION AREAS
Image:
Aerial photograph of 52 Caillouet
Lane from Google Earth Imagery
2026 Airbus, Maxar Technologies,
Map Data 2026 Google
MEADOWRESTORATION
ENFORCEMENT AREA TREERESTORATION
PHRAGMITESTREATMENTAREA
3
Existing Site Conditions: Enforcement Order Tree Restoration Area
Photos: Crawford Land Management (6-11-2026)
ENFORCEMENT ORDER AREA (TREE RESTORATION)
This area recently experienced unpermitted cutting of large canopy trees and understory shrubs and vines.
The sizes of the remaining tree stumps were measured, and are indicated on the restoration plan. Those cut
trees consisted mostly of Quercus (Oak) and Picea (Spruce) species. Several additional tree stump sprouts
persist throughout the area, including Prunus serotina (Black Cherry), Acer (Maple), Quercus (Oak) and Ilex
opaca (American Holly). Several large trees still remain including Quercus (Oak) and Populus (Poplar). The
understory vegetation which was also cut without a permit, consists mostly of invasive species including
Bush honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii), Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Russian Olive / Autumn Olive
(Eleagnus species), and Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculata). Some native shrub species, such as
Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum), appear to be re-emerging.
In compliance with the Enforcement Order Conditions, the Restoration strategy proposes to treat and remove
remaining invasive understory vegetation and encourage new growth on any existing native plants (stump
sprouts and shrubs) that can be re-trained into healthy tree or shrub forms. A diverse palette of new trees
and shrubs have been proposed for this area and are shown on the associated restoration plan and plant
list. In addition to the new tree and shrub material, the area will be seeded with a restoration seed mix and
supplemented with additional native grasses and wildflower container plantings at the edge.
4
MEADOW RESTORATION
This previously existing meadow area is currently being mowed in order to keep invasive species from over-
taking the property. The restoration plan proposes to treat and remove invasive or non-native aggressive
species within this area and re-establish it as meadow with native grasses and wildflowers, using a
combination of seed and container plantings. Permanent boundary markers (concrete or stone) are proposed
along the edge of lawn areas and paths so that the extent of mowing can be maintained as permitted.
PHRAGMITES TREATMENT AREA
The existing salt marsh is currently inundated with invasive Phragmites australis (Common Reed). The areas
with the most dense populations are diagrammed on the Restoration Plan. There are several large areas
of healthy salt marsh grasses and colonies of Marsh Elder (Iva frutescens) and High Tide Bush (Baccharis
halimifolia) which may eventually be overtaken by the Phragmites if it is left untreated.
This project proposes the removal and treatment of Phragmites to elimate the existing colonies and manage
incursions over the next several growing seasons. Treatment protocol as well as applicator and oversight
notes are outlined on the Phragmites Eradication Plan, attached.
Existing Site Conditions: Edge of meadow restoration area and encroaching Phragmites australis
Photos: Crawford Land Management (6-11-2026)
ENFORCEMENT ORDER AND MEADOW AREA RESTORATION PROTOCOL AND TIMELINE:
INITIAL INVASIVE MANAGEMENT (LATE SUMMER / FALL 2026)
• Treat and remove all approved vegetation using an appropriate herbicide (Glyphosate-based or Triclopyr-
based) using a cut and wipe method.
• Vegetation to be flush cut and treated leaving the roots in place to maintain soil stability.
• Seed any exposed soils within the mitigation / restoration area with the specified seed mixes to establish a
native vegetative groundcover.
• Rejuvenate any native shrub or tree species uncovered in the restoration area with regenerative pruning
techniques to encourage new, dense growth. If the structure of the specimen is compromised due to
repetitive improper cutting techniques, the specimens will be flush cut and managed as a stump sprout.
PLANT INSTALLATION: (BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 1, 2026 AND OCTOBER 31, 2026)
• Per Enforcement order of Conditions, the property owner shall place strawbales, backed by trenched in
siltation fencing, along the edge of the disturbance prior to planting.
• Plantings to be installed after invasive vegetation has achieved a minimum of approx. 80% eradication.
• Plantings to be installed in spring or fall unless irrigation is installed immediately after planting.
• Existing and proposed plant locations shown on the plan are approximate. New plant locations may be
slightly adjusted in the field to accommodate existing, healthy native vegetation.
• Per Enforcement Order, locations of trees to be planted shall be identified in the field by stakes.
• Trees shall be transported on dollies to avoid heavy equipment in the 50' buffer.
• Mulch will not be used in the restoration / mitigation areas except immediately under and within the drip
line of an individual plant and only for initial establishment of plantings.
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION:
• Install a temporary, above-ground irrigation system to provide supplemental water to woody plantings for
2-3 growing seasons or until plants are fully established.
MAINTENANCE (3 SEASONS MIN.): (FALL 2026 TO FALL 2029)
• Monitor restoration area and perform maintenance cut and wipe treatments, selective foliar applications, or
hand weed invasive, non-native, and aggressive species that have germinated from existing seed bank, or re-
sprouted from roots after removal.
• Mow/cut seeded areas in early spring and/or in June to help establish warm season grasses, if necessary.
• Site will be monitored and maintained throughout the year for both cool season and warm season invasive,
non-native, and aggressive species.
• Per Enforcement Order Conditions List, annual reports with photos shall be submitted by a wetland
specialist or certified arborist or horticulturalist or Certified Ecological Restoration Practitioner (CERP
landscape contractor for 3 years, starting once the plantings have been in for one growing season. Report
due dates: Oct 31, 2026, 2027, 2028.
• Per Enforcement Order Conditions List, any trees or shrubs that have died or are listed in poor health in
each of the annual reports filed during the 3 year period shall be replaced in kind.
• Additional clearing or pruning of vegetation within the restoration planting area is prohibited except for the
removal of storm damaged limbs and branches which may impact the newly planted specimens.
APPLICATOR & OVERSIGHT REQUIREMENTS:
• All machine work will be completed by an insured operator with appropriate hoisting and hydraulics
licenses.
• Herbicide application will only be completed by Massachusetts state-licensed and -insured pesticide
applicators knowledgeable with invasive, non-native, and native plant identification, both in-leaf and bare-
twig.
• Any tree work will be completed and/or overseen by an ISA or MA Certified Arborist.
• All restoration work will be overseen by a Certified Ecological Restoration Practitioner (CERP).
• Contractor must be able to provide a proven track record of successful stabilization and restoration projects
in New England.
6
PHRAGMITES (COMMON REED) ERADICATION PLAN AND PROTOCOL
The eradication of the common reed (Phragmites australis) is proposed to prevent it from spreading within
the wetland area and adjacent plant communities. To remove and manage incursions of Phragmites on the
property, the use of herbicide treatments will be coupled with mowing/or cutting.
APPLICATOR AND OVERSIGHT NOTES
• All herbicide treatments will be completed by Massachusetts state-licensed and insured
pesticide applicators.
• Any machine work will be completed by a state licensed and insured machine operator.
MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY TIME LINE
Initial Treatment (Late Summer/Early Fall 2026)
For the initial treatment, Phragmites will be allowed to grow to its full growth potential, undisturbed. Phrag-
mites will be treated in the latter half of summer depending on environmental conditions.
Using 100% bio-degradable jute/twine, groupings of Phragmites will be bundled and tied off, leaving bun-
dles in the treatment area. The tops of the bundles will be cut off and an EPA aquatic approved herbicide
with the active ingredient Glyphosate will immediately be applied to all cut stems. Stalks too small to bundle
will either be treated with a low-volume foliar method, or wiped with tongs/sponges. Phragmites will then be
allowed to take up and translocate the herbicide through the root system into the winter. No Mowing is pro-
posed for the initial treatment phase.
Ongoing Maintenance and Monitoring (2026-2029)
Follow up treatments will need to be done throughout the summer months using the low-volume foliar
method or cut and wipe method, as treated Phragmites often grows back after the first treatment in a witch-
broom form.
The restoration area should also be monitored for both cool season and warm season invasive, non-
native and aggressive species that have germinated from the existing seed bank, or re-sprouted from roots
remaining in the soil. These species will be removed through low volume foliar or cut and wipe treatments or
by hand weeding.
In the winter to early spring the Phragmites will be cut down and treatments will be repeated until Phragmites
has been eradicated from the treatment area. Phragmites will be cut to a height of 4” which will minimize
impacts on native vegetation and small animals. This height also eliminates soil disturbance, which can
spread rhizomes, thus creating new plants. The purpose of the cutting is to remove dead stalks and thatch
from the area as to allow sunlight to reach the native seed bank and allow for germination. The cutting
also increases the effectiveness of additional herbicide treatments as only new live growth is present to be
treated, although care can be taken not to include the dead stalks within the bundles. Any mowing or cutting
should be ideally carried out before or after bird nesting seasons. Bird nesting season can vary depending on
locale.